Introduction
Methods
Registration and reporting format
Search strategy
Selection criteria and study selection
Data extraction
Risk of bias of individual studies
Statistical analyses
Results
Eligible studies
Study characteristics
Year | First author | Career | Country | Study type | Age (years) | Gender | Sample size | Men | Women | Follow-up years | Mental | Method of sleep duration | Method of mental disorders | Sleep duration | Ref | Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1997 | Chang | Medical student | USA | Cohort | 62.6 | Male | 1053 | 1053 | 0 | 34 | Depression | Habit survey questionnaire | Physician reviewers | ≤7 | > 7 | Age at graduation, class year, parental history of depression, measures of temperament, and coffee drinking (cups per day) in Cox proportional hazards analyses |
2002 | Hidalgo | Medical student | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 18–35 | Both | 342 | 199 | 143 | 0 | Mental disorder | ESS | SRQ | < 7 | > 7 | _ |
2005 | John | General | German | Cross-sectional | 18–64 | Both | 4075 | 2000 | 1968 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CIDI | < 5 | 7–8 | Sex, age, and years of school education, with forward stepwise selection of variables. Excluded by the analysis were somatoform disorders |
2008 | Paudel | General | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥ 67 | Male | 351 | 351 | _ | 0 | Depression | Actigraphy | GDS | ≤ 5 | 6–8 | Age, site, race, body mass index, living status, alcohol intake, smoking status, cognitive impairment, physical activity medical conditions, education, instrumental activity of daily living impairment self-reported health status, antidepressant use, benzodiazepine use, and nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic or hypnotic use |
2010 | Szklo-Coxe | General | USA | Cohort | 33–71 | Both | 555 | 333 | 222 | 4 | Depression | Polysomno-graphically assessed | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | < 5.57 | ≥ 6.82 | Age, sex, chronic health conditions, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, use of hypnotic agents, caffeine consumption, and body mass index |
2010 | Yokoyama | General | Japan | Cross-sectional | ≥ 65 | Both | 4997 | _ | _ | 4 | Depression | Self-reported response to the question | CES-D | < 6 | 7–8 | _ |
2010 | Park | General | Korean | Cross-sectional | 18–64 | Both | 6510 | 3280 | 3230 | 0 | MDD | Questionnaires | K-CIDI | 5 | 7 | Age, gender, residential area, marital status, education, and employment status, physical activity level, current alcohol use, physical illness, pain /discomfort level, and body mass index |
2010 | Wada | Physician | Japan | Cross-sectional | > 24 | Male | 3862 | 3025 | 837 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | QIDS-SR | < 5 | 6–7 | _ |
2011 | Blasco Fontecilla | General | Spain | Cross-sectional | > 18 | Female | 1026 | 484 | 542 | 0 | SA | Self-assessment | BMLS | ≤ 5 | 7 | Gender, age, current MDE, GAD, alcohol use disorders, and the different clusters of PDs |
2011 | Chang | General | USA | Cross-sectional | 51.4 ± 15.8 | Both | 1204 | _ | _ | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-2 | < 7 | 7–8 | Age, gender, race, education, employment status, income, BMI, history of chronic disease cancer, any exercise in the last month, and current smoking status |
2013 | Paudel | General | USA | Cohort | ≥ 67 | Male | 2510 | 2510 | _ | 3 | Depression | Actigraphy | GDS | ≤ 5 | 6–8 | Age, clinic site, baseline GDS score, health status, education, use of benzodiazepines, and use of antidepressants (in analyses including baseline antidepressant users) |
2013 | Gehrman | Military personnel | USA | Cohort | 33.1 ± 8.3 | Both | 15204 | 7519 | 1524 | 5 | Anxiety | Self-reported | PHQ | < 6 | 7 | Birth year, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, service branch, service component occupation, pay grade general health, BMI, life stressors, smoking status, and problem drinking/CAGE |
2013 | Sakamoto | Worker | Japan | Cross-sectional | 45 ± 11 | Both | 1197 | 252 | 57 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | < 6 | 6–7 | Age (year, continuous), sex, marital status (married or other), employment type (regular or other) job type (managerial and clerical or technical work), job position (low or middle and high), overtime work (< 10, 10 to < 30 or 230 h/month), one-way commuting time (< 30, 30 to < 60 or 260 min), alcohol consumption (nondrinker, occasional drinker, drinker with a consumption of < 23 or 223 g of ethanol/day), smoking status (nonsmoker, former smoker, or current smoker), leisure-time physical activity (< 120 or 2120 min/week), history of serious diseases including cancer, ischemic heart disease or cerebrovascular disease (yes or no), and history of common diseases including hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia (yes or no) |
2013 | Swinkels | Veteran | USA | Cross-sectional | 37.4 ± 10.0 | Both | 1640 | 1307 | 333 | 0 | PTSD | PSQI | DSM | ≤ 5 | 7–8 | Age, minority status, gender, combat exposure, military rank, and number of military tours, in addition health risk behaviors |
2014 | Maglione | General | USA | Cohort | ≥ 70 | Female | 952 | 0 | 952 | 5 | Depression | Actigraphy | GDS | < 5 | 5–8 | _ |
2014 | Taylor | Marine | USA | Cross-sectional | > 18 | Both | 3175 | 2562 | 546 | 0 | GAD | Questionnaires | PHQ | ≤ 6 | > 6 | _ |
2014 | Van Mill | General | Netherland | Cohort | 42.7 ± 12.3 | Both | 1069 | 356 | 713 | 2 | Depression | Questionnaires | DSM-IV | ≤ 6 | 7–9 | Age, gender, education, alcohol intake, body mass index, number of chronic medical disorders, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and severity of symptoms |
2015 | Fernandez | General | USA | Cohort | ≥ 20 | Both | 1137 | _ | _ | 7.5 | Depression | PSG | Physician diagnosis or treatment of depression | < 6 | 7 | Gender, race, age, body mass index (BMI), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), hypertension diabetes, caffeine, tobacco-alcohol consumption, and alcohol use disorder, as well as drug use disorder, suicide thoughts or attempts, and feelings of loneliness |
2015 | Furihata | General | Japan | Cross-sectional | ≥ 20 | Both | 2532 | 1151 | 1381 | 0 | Depression | PSQI | CES-D | < 6 | 7–8 | _ |
2015 | Grossi | General | Swedish | Cross-sectional | 42 ± 9 | Both | 420 | 96 | 324 | 0 | Depression | KSQ | HADS | ≥ 9 | < 9 | Quality of sleep and other variables that differed between groups, i.e., gender, sick leave (dichotomized as yes vs. no), and use of antidepressants |
2015 | Lee | General | Korean | Cross-sectional | ≥ 19 | Male | 17,638 | 7482 | 10,156 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | Questionnaires | ≤ 6 | 7–8 | _ |
2016 | Plante | General | USA | Cross-sectional | 33–82 | Both | 3324 | 1801 | 1523 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | ≥ 9 | < 9 | Age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, caffeine use, chronic conditions insomnia, sedative drugs, and sleep disordered breathing |
2017 | Furihata | General | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥ 70 | Female | 6485 | _ | _ | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | GDS | < 7 | 7–9 | _ |
2017 | Jackowska | General | UK | Cohort | ≥ 50 | Both | 4545 | 2063 | 2482 | 6 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | ≤ 5 | 7–8 | Age, sex, relationship status, wealth, presence of limiting long-standing illness, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, depressive symptoms at baseline, and depression treatment |
2017 | Li | General | China | Cohort | 45–65 | Both | 7156 | _ | _ | 2 | Depression | Questionnaires | CESD-10 | < 6 | 7–9 | _ |
2017 | Lippman | General | USA | Cross-sectional | > 65 | Both | 1110 | 687 | 423 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | < 6 | 6–8 | _ |
2017 | Mohan | General | China | Cross-sectional | 35–65 | Both | 9582 | 4356 | 5226 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | ≤6 | 7–8 | _ |
2017 | Plante | General | USA | Cohort | 59 ± 9 | Both | 891 | _ | _ | 4 | Depression | PSG | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | ≥ 9 | < 9 | Age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol use, caffeine use, chronic medical conditions, insomnia, sedative hypnotic use, and sleep disordered breathing |
2017 | Supartini | General | Korean | Cross-sectional | 20–69 | Male | 600 | 306 | 294 | 0 | Depression | PSQI | CESD | < 6 | 6–8 | Age, fish consumption, and exercise, socio-demographic and health behavior variables |
2017 | Thomas | General | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥ 65 | Female | 12,776 | _ | 12,776 | 0 | Mental disorder | BRFSS | BRFSS | < 5 | 6–8 | General health, activity level, weight status, activity limitations, and chronic health conditions, alcohol use, tobacco use, education level, employment status, income level, marital status, ethnicity/race, and age |
2017 | Wang | General | China | Cross-sectional | 19–59 | Both | 17,320 | 8420 | 8900 | 0 | Mental disorder | Questionnaires | GHQ-12 | < 7 | 7–9 | Socio-demographics, lifestyle factors, mental health, and multimorbidity |
2018 | Liu | General | China | Cross-sectional | 51.0 ± 10.5 | Female | 512,891 | 210,259 | 302,632 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CIDI | ≤ 6 | 7–8 | Residency, age, family mental disorder history, blood pressure, education, income occupation, BMI, marital status, smoking, alcohol, MET statuses, sleep snoring, taking medicine for sleep, daytime, dysfunction, difficulty falling asleep and interrupted sleep, total sleep duration, and disease statuses |
2018 | Peltzer | General | South Africa | Cross-sectional | ≥ 40 | Both | 4725 | 2212 | 2513 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | < 7 | 7–8 | Age, sex, education, wealth status, tobacco use, alcohol dependence, physical inactivity, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, BMI body weight, depression, and PTSD symptoms |
2018 | Sullivan | General | USA | Cross-sectional | 47.5 ± 0.2 | Male | 20,851 | 10,216 | 10,365 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | Questionnaires | 6 | 7–9 | Age, race, education, marital status, BMI, education, employment, and income |
2018 | Sun | General | China | Cross-sectional | 30–79 | Both | 512,891 | 210,285 | 302,606 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CIDI-SF | ≤ 6 | 7–9 | Age, gender, survey sites, marital status, level of education, occupation, living alone and household income per year, alcohol consumption, smoking status, tea consumption, and physical activity; intake frequencies of red meat, fresh fruits vegetables, numbers of chronic disease, body mass index, anxiety, stressful life events, and self-rated health |
2019 | Ibrahim | Nurse | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional | 32 ± 7 | Both | 977 | _ | _ | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | DASS-21 | ≤ 5 | ≥ 8 | _ |
2019 | Ouyang | General | China | Cross-sectional | ≥ 45 | Both | 9529 | 3183 | 6346 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | ≤ 6 | 7–9 | _ |
2020 | AI-Ajlouni | General | Jordan | Cross-sectional | 18–65 | Both | 1240 | 656 | 583 | 0 | Depression | PSQI | Depression Scale | ≤ 7 | > 7 | Age, gender, region, employment, and physical activity |
2020 | Chen | General | China | Cross-sectional | 18–65 | Both | 13,678 | 6159 | 7609 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | < 7 | 7–9 | _ |
2020 | Jiang | General | China | Cross-sectional | 18–79 | Male | 28,202 | 11,236 | 16,966 | 0 | Depression | PSQI | PHQ-2 | < 6 | 7 | _ |
2020 | Jing | General | China | Cohort | ≥ 60 | Both | 22,847 | 11,606 | 11,241 | 5 | Depression | Questionnaires | CES-D | < 6 | 7–8 | Age, gender, marital status, education, residency, health status, chronic disease status, BMI, smoking, and drinking status |
2020 | Lai | General | China | Cross-sectional | ≥ 65 | Both | 2620 | 1076 | 1544 | 0 | Depression | AIS | HADS | ≤ 5 | 6–7 | Age, sex, BMI, education level, living status, cigarette use, alcohol consumption, medical history, and exercise frequency |
2020 | Li | Students | China | Cross-sectional | 16–27 | Both | 9515 | 4554 | 3114 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | SDS | 7–8 | < 7 | _ |
2020 | Matsui | General | Japan | Cross-sectional | 20–69 | Both | 8698 | _ | _ | 0 | Depression | Epworth Sleepiness Scale | CES-D | < 6 | 7 | _ |
2020 | Seow | General | Singapore | Cross-sectional | ≥ 18 | Both | 6126 | 3068 | 3058 | 0 | Mental disorder | PSQI | WHM-CIDI | ≤ 6 | 7–8 | Sociode mographic/lifestyle factors and sleep quality |
2020 | Simmons | General | USA | Cross-sectional | 48 ± 19 | Both | 4773 | 2291 | 2482 | 0 | SI | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | ≤ 4 | 7 | Age, gender, race, education, poverty-to-income ratio, marital status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and binge\drinking |
2020 | Tonon | Military personnel | Brazil | Cross-sectional | 18.0 | Male | 236 | 236 | 0 | 0 | Depression | PSQI | BDI | < 6 | > 6 | _ |
2020 | Tubbs | General | USA | Cross-sectional | 22–60 | Both | 1007 | 388 | 619 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | < 7 | 7–8 | _ |
2021 | Ko | General | Korean | Cross-sectional | ≥ 19 | Both | 33,481 | 14,401 | 19,080 | 0 | SI | Questionnaires | Questionnaires | ≤ 5 | 5–9 | _ |
2022 | Ding | General | China | Cross-sectional | ≥ 60 | Female | 1429 | 0 | 1429 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale | < 6 | 6–8 | Age, BMI, educational level, former occupation, household income, living condition, smoking and drinking habits, hypertension, diabetes, and physical activity |
2022 | Dong | General | USA | Cross-sectional | ≥ 18 | Both | 25,926 | 12,764 | 13,162 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | < 7 | 7–9 | _ |
2022 | Luo | General | China | Cross-sectional | ≥ 60 | Both | 49,317 | 30,739 | 18,578 | 0 | Depression | Questionnaires | PHQ-9 | < 7 | 7–8 | _ |
Results of NOS and AHRQ assessment
Overall analyses
Cumulative and sensitivity analyses
Publication bias
Subgroup analyses
Group | Number of qualified observations | Short sleep duration | Long sleep duration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | RR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | ||
Overall analyses | |||||||
Mental disorder (unadjusted) | 10/7 | 1.44 (1.27–1.63); < .001 | 37.6% | 0.014 | 1.30 (1.10–1.54); .002 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
Mental disorder (adjusted) | 36/24 | 1.42 (1.26–1.60); < .001 | 75.1% | 0.071 | 1.22 (1.06–1.41); .006 | 63.2% | 0.055 |
Subgroup analyses based on adjusted mental disorder | |||||||
By mental health | |||||||
Depression | 25/17 | 1.43 (1.24–1.65); < .001 | 80.4% | 0.082 | 1.15 (0.98–1.34); .088 | 63.4% | 0.045 |
Anxiety | 5/3 | 1.30 (1.04–1.63); .002 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.37(0.93–2.03); .114 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
PTSD | 3/4 | 1.35 (1.04–1.76); .022 | 24.1% | 0.013 | 1.44 (1.12–1.86); .005 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
By gender | |||||||
Male | 2/1 | 1.26 (0.81–1.96); .314 | 23.3% | 0.026 | 1.71 (0.82–3.55); .150 | * | 0.000 |
Female | 2/2 | 1.37 (1.07–1.76); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.19 (0.71–1.99); .499 | 29.9% | 0.050 |
Both genders | 32/21 | 1.45 (1.28–1.64); .012 | 70.6% | 0.076 | 1.21 (1.04–1.41); .012 | 65.1% | 0.055 |
By age | |||||||
46–59 | 2/1 | 1.33 (1.11–1.59); .002 | 34.6% | 0.006 | 1.02 (0.68–1.53); .923 | * | 0.000 |
> 60 | 14/11 | 1.46 (1.19–1.80); < .001 | 87.5% | 0.112 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10); .574 | 42.4% | 0.014 |
By country | |||||||
Developed | 30/20 | 1.37 (1.26–1.49); < .001 | 0.1% | 0.000 | 1.37 (1.21–1.56); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
Developing | 6/4 | 1.44 (1.28–1.61); .002 | 94.7% | 0.120 | 0.83 (0.77–0.89); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
By career | |||||||
General population | 23/14 | 1.46 (1.26–1.70); < .001 | 82.0% | 0.084 | 1.08 (0.92–1.26); .353 | 60.0% | 0.033 |
Military personnel | 12/10 | 1.37 (1.19–1.58); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.47 (1.22–1.78); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
By ascertainment of sleep duration | |||||||
Subjective method | 30/19 | 1.44 (1.27–1.63); < .001 | 77.5% | 0.073 | 1.20 (1.04–1.39); .015 | 65.0% | 0.053 |
Objective method | 6/2 | 1.29 (0.98–1.70); .070 | 4.2% | 0.000 | 1.54 (0.98–2.42); .064 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
By follow-up (years) | |||||||
<5 | 14/8 | 1.42 (1.24–1.63); < .001 | 81.0% | 0.094 | 1.28 (1.06–1.54); .011 | 5.7% | 0.004 |
≥5 | 22/16 | 1.43 (1.22–1.68); < .001 | 36.3% | 0.020 | 1.18 (0.99–1.39); .059 | 64.5% | 0.048 |
Sleep duration analysis | |||||||
≤ 5 h | 4 | 1.64 (1.06–2.56); .027 | 37.2% | 0.076 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≤ 6 h | 26 | 1.46 (1.27–1.69); < .001 | 69.7% | 0.074 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≤ 7 h | 33 | 1.42 (1.26–1.60); < .001 | 75.8% | 0.071 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≥ 8 h | 24 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.22 (1.06–1.41); .006 | 63.2% | 0.055 |
≥ 9 h | 8 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.20 (0.98–1.47); .080 | 13.9% | 0.012 |
≥ 10 h | 3 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.54 (0.98–2.44); .062 | 51.1% | 0.083 |
Group | Number of qualified observations | Short sleep duration | Long sleep duration | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | OR (95% CI); P | I2 | Tau2 | ||
Overall analyses | |||||||
Mental disorder (unadjusted) | 50/39 | 1.81 (1.67–1.95); < .001 | 83.9% | 0.052 | 1.39 (1.25–1.56); < .001 | 86.3% | 0.089 |
Mental disorder (adjusted) | 107/81 | 1.67 (1.57–1.77); < .001 | 79.7% | 0.060 | 1.20 (1.12–1.29); < .001 | 62.1% | 0.040 |
Subgroup analyses based on adjusted mental disorder | |||||||
By mental health | |||||||
Depression | 63/50 | 1.66 (1.55–1.77); < .001 | 76.0% | 0.042 | 1.24 (1.15–1.35); < .001 | 66.9% | 0.041 |
Anxiety | 11/4 | 1.51 (1.21–1.89); < .001 | 84.1% | 0.089 | 0.80 (0.58–1.09); .150 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
BD | 3/3 | 1.59 (0.84–3.02); .154 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 0.60 (0.06–5.79); .658 | 73.2% | 2.914 |
Phobia | 4/4 | 1.89 (1.16–3.07); .010 | 55.6% | 0.118 | 1.22 (0.79–1.88); .367 | 34.9% | 0.064 |
PTSD | 6/4 | 1.92 (1.21–3.03); .005 | 69.7% | 0.214 | 1.70 (0.99–2.92); .054 | 65.4% | 0.193 |
OCD | 3/3 | 2.13 (1.24–3.66); .006 | 36.3% | 0.086 | 0.89 (0.43–1.84); .756 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
SA | 3/* | 6.14 (4.63–8.13); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 | * | * | * |
SI | 7/7 | 1.32 (1.14–1.53); < .001 | 28.5% | 0.010 | 1.10 (0.86–1.40); .461 | 30.6% | 0.028 |
PD | 2/1 | 1.65 (0.72–3.80); .240 | 0.0% | 0.000 | 1.04 (0.11–9.99); .973 | * | 0.000 |
By gender | |||||||
Male | 13/9 | 1.62 (1.37–1.91); < .001 | 79.1% | 0.066 | 1.23 (1.08–1.40); .002 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
Female | 15/11 | 1.63(1.45–1.85); < .001 | 77.0% | 0.034 | 1.19 (1.04–1.37); .013 | 58.6% | 0.028 |
Both genders | 79/61 | 1.69 (1.56–1.82); < .001 | 80.5% | 0.072 | 1.20 (1.10–1.31); < .001 | 66.6% | 0.050 |
By age | |||||||
46–59 | 3/3 | 2.03 (1.19–3.47); .010 | 93.3% | 0.207 | 1.42 (0.89–2.26); .138 | 74.3% | 0.124 |
> 60 | 11/11 | 1.43 (1.19–1.71); < .001 | 74.7% | 0.059 | 1.41 (1.23–1.61); < .001 | 29.5% | 0.014 |
By country | |||||||
Developed | 72/56 | 1.69 (1.53–1.85); < .001 | 75.1% | 0.097 | 1.18 (1.08–1.29); < .001 | 54.1% | 0.041 |
Developing | 35/25 | 1.67 (1.54–1.81); < .001 | 84.9% | 0.042 | 1.23 (1.11–1.37); < .001 | 73.6% | 0.047 |
By career | |||||||
General population | 82/69 | 1.64 (1.53–1.75); < .001 | 82.8% | 0.060 | 1.23 (1.14–1.32); < .001 | 61.2% | 0.040 |
Health care worker | 12/2 | 1.76 (1.45–2.12); < .001 | 49.9% | 0.052 | 1.26 (0.85–1.88); .253 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
Military personnel | 11/4 | 2.05 (1.43–2.95); < .001 | 59.3% | 0.199 | 2.37 (1.33–4.23); .003 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
By AHRQ | |||||||
< 5 | 6/4 | 3.01 (1.51–6.05); .002 | 75.9% | 0.511 | 1.54 (0.95–2.51); .083 | 0.0% | 0.000 |
≥ 5 | 101/77 | 1.65 (1.55–1.76); < .001 | 80.1% | 0.059 | 1.20 (1.12–1.28); < .001 | 63.5% | 0.041 |
Sleep duration analysis | |||||||
≤ 5 h | 29 | 2.21 (1.84–2.66); < .001 | 78.4% | 0.167 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≤ 6 h | 82 | 1.75 (1.62–1.90); < .001 | 80.7% | 0.072 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≤ 7 h | 101 | 1.68 (1.57–1.79); < .001 | 80.4% | 0.062 | ─ | ─ | ─ |
≥ 8 h | 76 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.21 (1.13–1.30); < .001 | 61.4% | 0.042 |
≥ 9 h | 53 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.29 (1.19–1.39); < .001 | 56.8% | 0.033 |
≥ 10 h | 4 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 1.63 (1.27–2.08); < .001 | 0.0% | 0.000 |