Skip to main content

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Atemregulation

verfasst von : Martin Groß, Bahareh Vedadinezhad, Nahid Hassanpour

Erschienen in: Neurologische Beatmungsmedizin

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Zusammenfassung

Atmung und Atemregulation sind für das Überleben der Tiere und des Menschen unabdingbar. Atemregulation ist ein hochkomplexes, lebenserhaltendes System, das kontinuierlich verschiedene Aufgaben miteinander abstimmen muss: Aufrechterhaltung des Gasaustauschs durch Steuerung von Inspiration und Exspiration, Anpassung der Atmung an die besonderen Erfordernisse bei körperlicher Aktivität, Sicherung des Atemwegs durch Koordination der Atmung mit Schutzreflexen wie Schlucken, Würgen, Husten und Niesen, Koordination der Atmung mit anderen Reflexen wie Gähnen, Koordination der Atmung mit Willküraktivitäten wie Sprechen, Pfeifen, Singen und Spielen von Instrumenten, Auswirkungen von Schmerz, Emotion, Körpertemperatur und Schwangerschaft auf die Atmung, Adaptation der Atmung an den Schlaf-Wach-Rhythmus. Störungen der Atemregulation sind häufig und bleiben in vielen Fällen unerkannt. In diesem Kapitel werden die beatmungsmedizinisch bedeutsamen Grundlagen der Neuroanatomie, Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Atemregulation sowie die komplexe Interaktion von Atmung und Schlaf erörtert.
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Alheid GF et al (2011) Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 190:207–227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Alheid GF et al (2011) Caudal nuclei of the rat nucleus of the solitary tract differentially innervate respiratory compartments within the ventrolateral medulla. Neuroscience 190:207–227CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Amiel J et al (2009) PHOX2B in respiratory control: lessons from congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and its mouse models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 168(1–2):125–132CrossRefPubMed Amiel J et al (2009) PHOX2B in respiratory control: lessons from congenital central hypoventilation syndrome and its mouse models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 168(1–2):125–132CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson TM und Ramirez JM (2017) Respiratory rhythm generation: triple oscillator hypothesis. F1000Research, 6. Anderson TM und Ramirez JM (2017) Respiratory rhythm generation: triple oscillator hypothesis. F1000Research, 6.
Zurück zum Zitat Annane D et al (1999) Mechanisms underlying effects of nocturnal ventilation on daytime blood gases in neuromuscular diseases. Eur Respir J 13(1):157–162CrossRefPubMed Annane D et al (1999) Mechanisms underlying effects of nocturnal ventilation on daytime blood gases in neuromuscular diseases. Eur Respir J 13(1):157–162CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Balanyi K et al. (2010) Control of breathing by “nerve glue”. Sci Signal, 3(147), pe41-pe41. Balanyi K et al. (2010) Control of breathing by “nerve glue”. Sci Signal, 3(147), pe41-pe41.
Zurück zum Zitat Barnett WH et al (2018) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus orchestrates the timing of expiratory abdominal nerve bursting. J Neurophysiol 119(2):401–412CrossRefPubMed Barnett WH et al (2018) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus orchestrates the timing of expiratory abdominal nerve bursting. J Neurophysiol 119(2):401–412CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bautista TG, Dutschmann M (2014) Ponto-medullary nuclei involved in the generation of sequential pharyngeal swallowing and concomitant protective laryngeal adduction in situ. J Physiol 592(12):2605–2623CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bautista TG, Dutschmann M (2014) Ponto-medullary nuclei involved in the generation of sequential pharyngeal swallowing and concomitant protective laryngeal adduction in situ. J Physiol 592(12):2605–2623CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Berry RB et al (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. J Clin Sleep Med 8(05):597–619CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Berry RB et al (2012) Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events. J Clin Sleep Med 8(05):597–619CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Bjerrum S, Rosendal F (2015) A rare case of tension pneumocephalus after head trauma. International J Surg Case R 6:300–302CrossRef Bjerrum S, Rosendal F (2015) A rare case of tension pneumocephalus after head trauma. International J Surg Case R 6:300–302CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bochorishvili G et al (2012) Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. J Comp Neurol 520(5):1047–1061CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bochorishvili G et al (2012) Pre-Bötzinger complex receives glutamatergic innervation from galaninergic and other retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. J Comp Neurol 520(5):1047–1061CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Bonin-Vilaplana M et al (2012) Cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with first-ever lacunar stroke. Sleep Disord 2012:257890CrossRef Bonin-Vilaplana M et al (2012) Cheyne-stokes respiration in patients with first-ever lacunar stroke. Sleep Disord 2012:257890CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bonis JM et al (2011) The effects of lesions in the dorsolateral pons on the coordination of swallowing and breathing in awake goats. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 175(2):272–282CrossRef Bonis JM et al (2011) The effects of lesions in the dorsolateral pons on the coordination of swallowing and breathing in awake goats. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 175(2):272–282CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bonis JM et al (2013) Contributions of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 189(1):10–21CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Bonis JM et al (2013) Contributions of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus to coordination of breathing and swallowing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 189(1):10–21CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Bordoni B et al (2016) A review of analgesic and emotive breathing: a multidisciplinary approach. J Multi Healthc 9:97CrossRef Bordoni B et al (2016) A review of analgesic and emotive breathing: a multidisciplinary approach. J Multi Healthc 9:97CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Boutin RCT et al (2017) Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group. J Physiol 595(4):1377–1392CrossRefPubMed Boutin RCT et al (2017) Cholinergic modulation of the parafacial respiratory group. J Physiol 595(4):1377–1392CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Browaldh N et al (2016) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans. Eur Arch ORL 273(11):3505–3510 Browaldh N et al (2016) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus: a review of animal studies and the implications for cranial nerve function in humans. Eur Arch ORL 273(11):3505–3510
Zurück zum Zitat Browne HA et al (2003) Ageing does not influence the sleep-related decrease in the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Eur Respir J 21(3):523–529CrossRefPubMed Browne HA et al (2003) Ageing does not influence the sleep-related decrease in the hypercapnic ventilatory response. Eur Respir J 21(3):523–529CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bullock S, Hales M (2012) Principles of Pathology. Pearson, Australia Bullock S, Hales M (2012) Principles of Pathology. Pearson, Australia
Zurück zum Zitat Chowdhuri S et al (2017) Control of ventilation in health and disease. Chest 151(4):917–929CrossRefPubMed Chowdhuri S et al (2017) Control of ventilation in health and disease. Chest 151(4):917–929CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Cinelli E et al (2018) Inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex by acetylcholine in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 257:93–99CrossRefPubMed Cinelli E et al (2018) Inhibitory modulation of the cough reflex by acetylcholine in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 257:93–99CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Corcoran AE et al (2015) Functional link between the hypocretin and serotonin systems in the neural control of breathing and central chemosensitivity. J Neurophysiol 114(1):381–389CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Corcoran AE et al (2015) Functional link between the hypocretin and serotonin systems in the neural control of breathing and central chemosensitivity. J Neurophysiol 114(1):381–389CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Critchlex HD et al (2015) Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0127082CrossRef Critchlex HD et al (2015) Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0127082CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Di Lascio S et al (2018) Structural and functional differences in PHOX2B frameshift mutations underlie isolated or syndromic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Hum Mutat 39(2):219–236CrossRefPubMed Di Lascio S et al (2018) Structural and functional differences in PHOX2B frameshift mutations underlie isolated or syndromic congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Hum Mutat 39(2):219–236CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Dinghra RR et al (2017) Kölliker-Fuse nuclei regulate respiratory rhythm variability via a gain-control mechanism. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Com Physiol 312(2):R172–R188CrossRef Dinghra RR et al (2017) Kölliker-Fuse nuclei regulate respiratory rhythm variability via a gain-control mechanism. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Com Physiol 312(2):R172–R188CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dinh QT (2006) Die sensible und sympathische Innervation bei allergischen Atemwegserkrankungen. Habilitationsschrift, Düsseldorf Dinh QT (2006) Die sensible und sympathische Innervation bei allergischen Atemwegserkrankungen. Habilitationsschrift, Düsseldorf
Zurück zum Zitat Dlouthy BJ et al (2015) Breathing inhibited when seizures spread to the amygdala and upon amygdala stimulation. J Neurosci 35(28):10281–10289CrossRef Dlouthy BJ et al (2015) Breathing inhibited when seizures spread to the amygdala and upon amygdala stimulation. J Neurosci 35(28):10281–10289CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dutschmann M et al (2014) Learning to breathe: Habituation of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 195:44–49CrossRef Dutschmann M et al (2014) Learning to breathe: Habituation of Hering-Breuer inflation reflex emerges with postnatal brainstem maturation. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 195:44–49CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dutschmann M, Herbert H (2006) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus gates the postinspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle to control inspiratory off-switch and upper airway resistance in rat. European J Neurosci 24(4):1071–1084CrossRef Dutschmann M, Herbert H (2006) The Kölliker-Fuse nucleus gates the postinspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle to control inspiratory off-switch and upper airway resistance in rat. European J Neurosci 24(4):1071–1084CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Evans KC et al (1999) Functional MRI localisation of central nervous system regions associated with volitional inspiration in humans. J Physiol 520(2):383–392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Evans KC et al (1999) Functional MRI localisation of central nervous system regions associated with volitional inspiration in humans. J Physiol 520(2):383–392CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Fu C et al (2017) Chemosensitive Phox2b-expressing neurons are crucial for hypercapnic ventilatory response in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Physiol 595(14):4973–4989CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Fu C et al (2017) Chemosensitive Phox2b-expressing neurons are crucial for hypercapnic ventilatory response in the nucleus tractus solitarius. J Physiol 595(14):4973–4989CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Fukushi I et al (2018) The role of the hypothalamus in modulation of respiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:172–179CrossRefPubMed Fukushi I et al (2018) The role of the hypothalamus in modulation of respiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:172–179CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Guyenet PG et al (2012) The retrotrapezoid nucleus and breathing Guyenet PG et al (2012) The retrotrapezoid nucleus and breathing
Zurück zum Zitat Guyenet PG et al (2017) Interdependent feedback regulation of breathing by the carotid bodies and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 596(15):3029–3042CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Guyenet PG et al (2017) Interdependent feedback regulation of breathing by the carotid bodies and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Physiol 596(15):3029–3042CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Hamilton RD et al (1988) The effect of lung inflation on breathing in man during wakefulness and sleep. Respir Physiol 73(2):145–154CrossRefPubMed Hamilton RD et al (1988) The effect of lung inflation on breathing in man during wakefulness and sleep. Respir Physiol 73(2):145–154CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Heck DH et al (2016) Breathing as a fundamental rhythm of brain function Heck DH et al (2016) Breathing as a fundamental rhythm of brain function
Zurück zum Zitat Herrick KS et al (2017) Central hypoventilation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Movement Disord Clin Pract 4(1):42–45CrossRef Herrick KS et al (2017) Central hypoventilation in progressive supranuclear palsy. Movement Disord Clin Pract 4(1):42–45CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Holstege G (2014) The periaqueductal gray controls brainstem emotional motor systems including respiration. Prog Brain Res 209:379–405CrossRefPubMed Holstege G (2014) The periaqueductal gray controls brainstem emotional motor systems including respiration. Prog Brain Res 209:379–405CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Horn EM, Waldrop TG (1997) Oxygen-sensing neurons in the caudal hypothalamus and their role in cardiorespiratory control. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228CrossRefPubMed Horn EM, Waldrop TG (1997) Oxygen-sensing neurons in the caudal hypothalamus and their role in cardiorespiratory control. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeda K et al (2017) The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228 Ikeda K et al (2017) The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. Respir Physiol 110(2–3):219–228
Zurück zum Zitat Karcz M und Papadakos PJ (2013) Respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms. Canadian J Respir Ther: CJRT = Revue canadienne de la therapie respiratoire: RCTR, 49(4), 21. Karcz M und Papadakos PJ (2013) Respiratory complications in the postanesthesia care unit: a review of pathophysiological mechanisms. Canadian J Respir Ther: CJRT = Revue canadienne de la therapie respiratoire: RCTR, 49(4), 21.
Zurück zum Zitat Koshiya N et al (2014) Anatomical and functional pathways of rhythmogenic inspiratory premotor information flow originating in the pre-Bötzinger complex in the rat medulla. Neuroscience 268:194–211CrossRefPubMed Koshiya N et al (2014) Anatomical and functional pathways of rhythmogenic inspiratory premotor information flow originating in the pre-Bötzinger complex in the rat medulla. Neuroscience 268:194–211CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar NN et al. (2015) PHYSIOLOGY. Regulation of breathing by CO2 requires the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. Science, 348(6240), 1255-1260. Kumar NN et al. (2015) PHYSIOLOGY. Regulation of breathing by CO2 requires the proton-activated receptor GPR4 in retrotrapezoid nucleus neurons. Science, 348(6240), 1255-1260.
Zurück zum Zitat Laceuy N et al (2017) Amygdala and hippocampus are symptomatogenic zones for central apneic seizures. Neurology 88(7):701–705CrossRef Laceuy N et al (2017) Amygdala and hippocampus are symptomatogenic zones for central apneic seizures. Neurology 88(7):701–705CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Larsen R, Ziegenfuß T (2013) Beatmung: Indikationen – Techniken – Krankheitsbilder. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef Larsen R, Ziegenfuß T (2013) Beatmung: Indikationen – Techniken – Krankheitsbilder. Springer, HeidelbergCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lavezzi AM et al (2004) Cytoarchitectural organization of the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex in man. Brain Dev 26(5):316–320CrossRefPubMed Lavezzi AM et al (2004) Cytoarchitectural organization of the parabrachial/Kölliker-Fuse complex in man. Brain Dev 26(5):316–320CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Lavezzi AM et al (2012) Developmental alterations of the respiratory human retrotrapezoid nucleus in sudden unexplained fetal and infant death. Auton Neurosc 170(1–2):12–19CrossRef Lavezzi AM et al (2012) Developmental alterations of the respiratory human retrotrapezoid nucleus in sudden unexplained fetal and infant death. Auton Neurosc 170(1–2):12–19CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lee MC et al (1976) Respiratory rate and pattern disturbances in acute brain stem infarction. Stroke 7(4):382–385CrossRefPubMed Lee MC et al (1976) Respiratory rate and pattern disturbances in acute brain stem infarction. Stroke 7(4):382–385CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat León EJ et al (2016) Role of astrocytes in central respiratory chemoreception. In: von Bernhardi Rommy (Hrsg) Glial cells in health and disease of the CNS. Springer, Cham, S 109–145CrossRef León EJ et al (2016) Role of astrocytes in central respiratory chemoreception. In: von Bernhardi Rommy (Hrsg) Glial cells in health and disease of the CNS. Springer, Cham, S 109–145CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Loewy A (1888) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bei Muskeltätigkeit gebildeten Atemreize. Pflügers Arch 42, S 281 Loewy A (1888) Beitrag zur Kenntnis der bei Muskeltätigkeit gebildeten Atemreize. Pflügers Arch 42, S 281
Zurück zum Zitat Lutherer LO et al (1989) Neurons of the rostral fastigial nucleus are responsive to cardiovascular and respiratory challenges. J Auton Ner Syst 27(2):101–111CrossRef Lutherer LO et al (1989) Neurons of the rostral fastigial nucleus are responsive to cardiovascular and respiratory challenges. J Auton Ner Syst 27(2):101–111CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McKay LC, Feldman JL (2008) Unilateral ablation of pre-Botzinger complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(1):89–95CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral McKay LC, Feldman JL (2008) Unilateral ablation of pre-Botzinger complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 178(1):89–95CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Marckwald M (1890) Movements of respiration. Blackie & Son, Glasgow Marckwald M (1890) Movements of respiration. Blackie & Son, Glasgow
Zurück zum Zitat Martelli D et al (2013) The emerging role of the parabrachial complex in the generation of wakefulness drive and its implication for respiratory control. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 188(3):318–323CrossRef Martelli D et al (2013) The emerging role of the parabrachial complex in the generation of wakefulness drive and its implication for respiratory control. Respiratory Physiol Neurobiol 188(3):318–323CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meurice JC et al (1995) Influence of sleep on ventilatory and upper airway response to CO2 in normal subjects and patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(5):1620–1626CrossRefPubMed Meurice JC et al (1995) Influence of sleep on ventilatory and upper airway response to CO2 in normal subjects and patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152(5):1620–1626CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Mörschel M, Dutschmann M (2009) Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase transition. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364(1529):2517–2526CrossRef Mörschel M, Dutschmann M (2009) Pontine respiratory activity involved in inspiratory/expiratory phase transition. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci 364(1529):2517–2526CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mutolo D et al (2014) Inhibitory control of the cough reflex by galanin receptors in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Comp Physiol 307(11):R1358–R1367CrossRef Mutolo D et al (2014) Inhibitory control of the cough reflex by galanin receptors in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarii of the rabbit. Am J Physiol-Regul, Integr Comp Physiol 307(11):R1358–R1367CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mutolo D (2017) Brainstem mechanisms underlying the cough reflex and its regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 243:60–76CrossRefPubMed Mutolo D (2017) Brainstem mechanisms underlying the cough reflex and its regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 243:60–76CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Oken BS et al (2006) Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clinical Neurophysiol 117(9):1885–1901CrossRef Oken BS et al (2006) Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement. Clinical Neurophysiol 117(9):1885–1901CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oku Y et al (2007) Respiratory neuron group in the high cervical spinal cord discovered by optical imaging. NeuroReport 19(17):1739–1743CrossRef Oku Y et al (2007) Respiratory neuron group in the high cervical spinal cord discovered by optical imaging. NeuroReport 19(17):1739–1743CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Oku Y et al (2016) Respiratory calcium fluctuations in low-frequency oscillating astrocytes in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 226:11–17CrossRefPubMed Oku Y et al (2016) Respiratory calcium fluctuations in low-frequency oscillating astrocytes in the pre-Bötzinger complex. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 226:11–17CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Pisanski A, Pagliardini S (2018) The parafacial respiratory group and the control of active expiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:153–160CrossRefPubMed Pisanski A, Pagliardini S (2018) The parafacial respiratory group and the control of active expiration. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 265:153–160CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Poliacek I et al (2008) Influence of microinjections of D, L-homocysteic acid into the Bötzinger complex area on the cough reflex in the cat. J Physiol Pharmacol: Official J Pol Physiol Soc 59(Suppl 6):585 Poliacek I et al (2008) Influence of microinjections of D, L-homocysteic acid into the Bötzinger complex area on the cough reflex in the cat. J Physiol Pharmacol: Official J Pol Physiol Soc 59(Suppl 6):585
Zurück zum Zitat Rahmanian A et al (2014) Effects of intracranial pressure monitoring on outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury; results of a historical cohort study. Bull Emerg Trauma 2(4):151PubMedPubMedCentral Rahmanian A et al (2014) Effects of intracranial pressure monitoring on outcome of patients with severe traumatic brain injury; results of a historical cohort study. Bull Emerg Trauma 2(4):151PubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Rehnberg V, Walters E (2017) The life and work of Adolph Kussmaul 1822–1902: ‚Sword swallowers in modern medicine‘. J Intensive Care Soc 18(1):71–72CrossRefPubMed Rehnberg V, Walters E (2017) The life and work of Adolph Kussmaul 1822–1902: ‚Sword swallowers in modern medicine‘. J Intensive Care Soc 18(1):71–72CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rosin DL et al (2006) Afferent and efferent connections of the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 499(1):64–89CrossRefPubMed Rosin DL et al (2006) Afferent and efferent connections of the rat retrotrapezoid nucleus. J Comp Neurol 499(1):64–89CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Rybak IA et al (2007) Spatial organization and state-dependent mechanisms for respiratory rhythm and pattern generation. Prog Brain Res 165:201–220CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Rybak IA et al (2007) Spatial organization and state-dependent mechanisms for respiratory rhythm and pattern generation. Prog Brain Res 165:201–220CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Samuels ER, Szabadi E (2008) Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(3):235–253CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Samuels ER, Szabadi E (2008) Functional neuroanatomy of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus: its roles in the regulation of arousal and autonomic function part I: principles of functional organisation. Curr Neuropharmacol 6(3):235–253CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Schäfer D et al (1996) Sleep and breathing disorders in patients with brain stem lesions. Wien Med Wochenschr 146(13–14):296–298PubMed Schäfer D et al (1996) Sleep and breathing disorders in patients with brain stem lesions. Wien Med Wochenschr 146(13–14):296–298PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Schwarzacher SW et al (2011) Neuroanatomical characteristics of the human pre-Bötzinger complex and its involvement in neurodegenerative brainstem diseases. Brain 134(1):24–35CrossRefPubMed Schwarzacher SW et al (2011) Neuroanatomical characteristics of the human pre-Bötzinger complex and its involvement in neurodegenerative brainstem diseases. Brain 134(1):24–35CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sheikhbahaei S et al (2018) Astrocytes modulate brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating circuits and determine exercise capacity. Nat commun 9(1):370CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Sheikhbahaei S et al (2018) Astrocytes modulate brainstem respiratory rhythm-generating circuits and determine exercise capacity. Nat commun 9(1):370CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Siccoli MM et al (2008) Central periodic breathing during sleep in 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke – neurogenic and cardiogenic factors. J Neurol 255(11):1687–1692CrossRefPubMed Siccoli MM et al (2008) Central periodic breathing during sleep in 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke – neurogenic and cardiogenic factors. J Neurol 255(11):1687–1692CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Silva JN et al (2016a) Inhibition of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus reduces genioglossal activity elicited by stimulation of the retrotrapezoid chemoreceptor neurons. Neuroscience 328:9–21CrossRefPubMed Silva JN et al (2016a) Inhibition of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus reduces genioglossal activity elicited by stimulation of the retrotrapezoid chemoreceptor neurons. Neuroscience 328:9–21CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Silva JN et al (2016b) Neuroanatomical and physiological evidence that the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial region regulates expiration in adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 227:9–22CrossRefPubMed Silva JN et al (2016b) Neuroanatomical and physiological evidence that the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial region regulates expiration in adult rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 227:9–22CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smith JC et al (2013) Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits. Trends Neurosci 36(3):152–162CrossRefPubMed Smith JC et al (2013) Brainstem respiratory networks: building blocks and microcircuits. Trends Neurosci 36(3):152–162CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sobrinho CR et al (2017) Fluorocitrate-mediated depolarization of astrocytes in the retrotrapezoid nucleus stimulates breathing Sobrinho CR et al (2017) Fluorocitrate-mediated depolarization of astrocytes in the retrotrapezoid nucleus stimulates breathing
Zurück zum Zitat Song G et al (2012) Kölliker-Fuse neurons send collateral projections to multiple hypoxia-activated and nonactivated structures in rat brainstem and spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 217(4):835–858CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Song G et al (2012) Kölliker-Fuse neurons send collateral projections to multiple hypoxia-activated and nonactivated structures in rat brainstem and spinal cord. Brain Struct Funct 217(4):835–858CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2011) Midbrain and medullary control of postinspiratory activity of the crural and costal diaphragm in vivo. J Neurophysiol 105(6):2852–2862CrossRefPubMed Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2011) Midbrain and medullary control of postinspiratory activity of the crural and costal diaphragm in vivo. J Neurophysiol 105(6):2852–2862CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2013) Stimulation of the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Modulates Preinspiratory Neurons in the Ventrolateral Medulla in the Rat In Vivo. J Comp Neurol 521(13):3083–3098CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2013) Stimulation of the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Modulates Preinspiratory Neurons in the Ventrolateral Medulla in the Rat In Vivo. J Comp Neurol 521(13):3083–3098CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2014) The midbrain periaqueductal gray changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for survival of the individual and of the species. Prog Brain Res 212:351–384CrossRefPubMed Subramanian HH, Holstege G (2014) The midbrain periaqueductal gray changes the eupneic respiratory rhythm into a breathing pattern necessary for survival of the individual and of the species. Prog Brain Res 212:351–384CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Subramanian HH et al (2017) The physiological motor patterns produced by neurons in the nucleus retroambiguus in the rat and their modulation by vagal, peripheral chemosensory, and nociceptive stimulation. J Comp Neurol 526(2):229–242CrossRefPubMed Subramanian HH et al (2017) The physiological motor patterns produced by neurons in the nucleus retroambiguus in the rat and their modulation by vagal, peripheral chemosensory, and nociceptive stimulation. J Comp Neurol 526(2):229–242CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Takakura AC et al (2013) Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid neurons and the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory control of breathing in conscious rats. Exp Physiol 99(3):571–585CrossRefPubMed Takakura AC et al (2013) Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid neurons and the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory control of breathing in conscious rats. Exp Physiol 99(3):571–585CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Terziyski K, Draganova A (2018) Central sleep apnea with cheyne-stokes breathing in heart failure – from research to clinical practice and beyond. In: Islam Shahidul (Hrsg) Heart failure: From Res Clin Practice. Springer, Cham, S 327–351CrossRef Terziyski K, Draganova A (2018) Central sleep apnea with cheyne-stokes breathing in heart failure – from research to clinical practice and beyond. In: Islam Shahidul (Hrsg) Heart failure: From Res Clin Practice. Springer, Cham, S 327–351CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tulaimat A, Trick WE (2017) DiapHRaGM: A mnemonic to describe the work of breathing in patients with respiratory failure. PLoS ONE 12(7):e0179641CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Tulaimat A, Trick WE (2017) DiapHRaGM: A mnemonic to describe the work of breathing in patients with respiratory failure. PLoS ONE 12(7):e0179641CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Wong SK, Duffy GP (1982) Surgical treatment of spontaneous pontine haematoma. J Roy Soc Med 75(3):206PubMed Wong SK, Duffy GP (1982) Surgical treatment of spontaneous pontine haematoma. J Roy Soc Med 75(3):206PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wu J et al (2017) A V0 core neuronal circuit for inspiration. Nat Comm 8(1):544CrossRef Wu J et al (2017) A V0 core neuronal circuit for inspiration. Nat Comm 8(1):544CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Xu F, Frazier DT (2002) Role of the cerebellar deep nuclei in respiratory modulation. Cerebellum 1(1):35CrossRefPubMed Xu F, Frazier DT (2002) Role of the cerebellar deep nuclei in respiratory modulation. Cerebellum 1(1):35CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Xu F, Frazier DT (1995) Hypoxic respiratory responses attenuated by ablation of the cerebellum or fastigial nuclei. J Appl Physiol 79(4):1181–1189CrossRefPubMed Xu F, Frazier DT (1995) Hypoxic respiratory responses attenuated by ablation of the cerebellum or fastigial nuclei. J Appl Physiol 79(4):1181–1189CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yokota et al (2015) Respiratory-related Outputs of Glutamatergic, Hypercapnia-Responsive ParabrachS ial Neurons in Mice. J Comp Neurol 523(6):907–920CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yokota et al (2015) Respiratory-related Outputs of Glutamatergic, Hypercapnia-Responsive ParabrachS ial Neurons in Mice. J Comp Neurol 523(6):907–920CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Yu J (2016) Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex. J Comp Neurol 121(5):1041–1046 Yu J (2016) Deflation-activated receptors, not classical inflation-activated receptors, mediate the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex. J Comp Neurol 121(5):1041–1046
Zurück zum Zitat Zafar T et al (2018a) (I) A hypothalamo-midbrain-medullary pathway involved in the inhibition of the respiratory chemoreflex response induced by potassium cyanide in rodents. Neuropharmacology 128:152–167CrossRefPubMed Zafar T et al (2018a) (I) A hypothalamo-midbrain-medullary pathway involved in the inhibition of the respiratory chemoreflex response induced by potassium cyanide in rodents. Neuropharmacology 128:152–167CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zafar T et al (2018b) (II) Respiratory chemoreflex response inhibition by dorsomedian hypothalamic nucleus activation in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 247:188–191CrossRefPubMed Zafar T et al (2018b) (II) Respiratory chemoreflex response inhibition by dorsomedian hypothalamic nucleus activation in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 247:188–191CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J et al (2017) Alteration of Spontaneous Brain Activity After Hypoxia-Reoxygenation: A Resting-State fMRI Study. High Altitude Med Biol 18(1):20–26CrossRef Zhang J et al (2017) Alteration of Spontaneous Brain Activity After Hypoxia-Reoxygenation: A Resting-State fMRI Study. High Altitude Med Biol 18(1):20–26CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zuperku EJ et al (2017) Characteristics of breathing rate control mediated by a subregion within the pontine parabrachial complex. J Neurophysiol 117(3):1030–1042CrossRefPubMed Zuperku EJ et al (2017) Characteristics of breathing rate control mediated by a subregion within the pontine parabrachial complex. J Neurophysiol 117(3):1030–1042CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Berry RB et al, for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2018) The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications, Version 2.5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL Berry RB et al, for the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2018) The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: Rules, terminology and technical specifications, Version 2.5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL
Zurück zum Zitat Aboussouan LS (2015) Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(9):979–989CrossRefPubMed Aboussouan LS (2015) Sleep-disordered breathing in neuromuscular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 191(9):979–989CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Adori C et al (2015) Exploring the role of neuropeptide S in the regulation of arousal: a functional anatomical study. Brain Struct Func 221(7):3521–3546CrossRef Adori C et al (2015) Exploring the role of neuropeptide S in the regulation of arousal: a functional anatomical study. Brain Struct Func 221(7):3521–3546CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Arrigioni E et al (2016) The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 594(19):5391–5414CrossRef Arrigioni E et al (2016) The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J Physiol 594(19):5391–5414CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE (1984) Ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans. J Appl Physiol 57(1):59–67CrossRefPubMed Berthon-Jones M, Sullivan CE (1984) Ventilation and arousal responses to hypercapnia in normal sleeping humans. J Appl Physiol 57(1):59–67CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Bedont JL, Blackshaw S (2015) Constructing the suprachiasmatic nucleus: a watchmaker’s perspective on the central clockworks. Frontiers Syst Neurosci 9:74CrossRef Bedont JL, Blackshaw S (2015) Constructing the suprachiasmatic nucleus: a watchmaker’s perspective on the central clockworks. Frontiers Syst Neurosci 9:74CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bhadra U et al (2017) Evolution of circadian rhythms: from bacteria to human. Sleep Med 35:49–61CrossRefPubMed Bhadra U et al (2017) Evolution of circadian rhythms: from bacteria to human. Sleep Med 35:49–61CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Boentert M et al (2016) Sleep-disordered breathing and effects of noninvasive ventilation in patients with late-onset pompe disease. Sleep Med 35:49–61 Boentert M et al (2016) Sleep-disordered breathing and effects of noninvasive ventilation in patients with late-onset pompe disease. Sleep Med 35:49–61
Zurück zum Zitat Boes AD et al. (2018) Connectivity of sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus observed during resting wakefulness. Sleep, 41(9), zsy108. Boes AD et al. (2018) Connectivity of sleep- and wake-promoting regions of the human hypothalamus observed during resting wakefulness. Sleep, 41(9), zsy108.
Zurück zum Zitat Bonis JM et al (1985) A role for the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus in cholinergic modulation of breathing at night during wakefulness and NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 109(1):159–170CrossRef Bonis JM et al (1985) A role for the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus in cholinergic modulation of breathing at night during wakefulness and NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol 109(1):159–170CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Borbély AA (1982) A Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1(3):195–204PubMed Borbély AA (1982) A Two Process Model of Sleep Regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1(3):195–204PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Borbély AA, Achermann P (1999) Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms 14(6):557–568 Borbély AA, Achermann P (1999) Sleep homeostasis and models of sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms 14(6):557–568
Zurück zum Zitat Borbély AA et al (2016) The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 25(2):131–143CrossRefPubMed Borbély AA et al (2016) The two-process model of sleep regulation: a reappraisal. J Sleep Res 25(2):131–143CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Boucetta S et al (2014) Discharge Profiles across the Sleep-Waking Cycle of Identified Cholinergic, GABAergic, and Glutamatergic Neurons in the Pontomesencephalic Tegmentum of the Rat. J Neurosci 34(13):4708–4727CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Boucetta S et al (2014) Discharge Profiles across the Sleep-Waking Cycle of Identified Cholinergic, GABAergic, and Glutamatergic Neurons in the Pontomesencephalic Tegmentum of the Rat. J Neurosci 34(13):4708–4727CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Brillante R (2017) Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Austin J Sleep Disord 4(1):1031 Brillante R (2017) Hypercapnia in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Austin J Sleep Disord 4(1):1031
Zurück zum Zitat Carberry JC et al (2016) Upper airway collapsibility (Pcrit) and pharyngeal dilator muscle activity are sleep stage dependent. Sleep 39(3):511–521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Carberry JC et al (2016) Upper airway collapsibility (Pcrit) and pharyngeal dilator muscle activity are sleep stage dependent. Sleep 39(3):511–521CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Chokroverty S (2017) Sleep disorders medicine. basic science, technical considerations and clinical aspects. Springer, New York Chokroverty S (2017) Sleep disorders medicine. basic science, technical considerations and clinical aspects. Springer, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Choudhary SS, Choudhary SR (2009) Sleep effects on breathing and respiratory diseases. Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Soc 26(4):117CrossRef Choudhary SS, Choudhary SR (2009) Sleep effects on breathing and respiratory diseases. Lung India: Official Organ of Indian Chest Soc 26(4):117CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cirelli C, Tonnoni G (2008) Is sleep essential? Cirelli C, Tonnoni G (2008) Is sleep essential?
Zurück zum Zitat Clément O et al (2011) Evidence that neurons of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus triggering paradoxical (REM) sleep are glutamatergic. Sleep 34(4):419–423CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Clément O et al (2011) Evidence that neurons of the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus triggering paradoxical (REM) sleep are glutamatergic. Sleep 34(4):419–423CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Clément O et al (2012) The lateral hypothalamic area controls paradoxical (REM) Sleep by means of descending projections to brainstem GABAergic neurons. J Neurosci 32(47):16763–16774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Clément O et al (2012) The lateral hypothalamic area controls paradoxical (REM) Sleep by means of descending projections to brainstem GABAergic neurons. J Neurosci 32(47):16763–16774CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat De Cicco V et al (2017) Trigeminal, Visceral and Vestibular Inputs May Improve Cognitive Functions by Acting through the Locus Coeruleus and the Ascending Reticular Activating System: A New Hypothesis. Front Neuroanat 11:130CrossRefPubMed De Cicco V et al (2017) Trigeminal, Visceral and Vestibular Inputs May Improve Cognitive Functions by Acting through the Locus Coeruleus and the Ascending Reticular Activating System: A New Hypothesis. Front Neuroanat 11:130CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Douglas NJ et al (1982a) Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 126(5):758–762PubMed Douglas NJ et al (1982a) Hypercapnic ventilatory response in sleeping adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 126(5):758–762PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Douglas NJ et al (1982b) Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal me. Am Rev Respir Dis 125(3):286–289PubMed Douglas NJ et al (1982b) Hypoxic ventilatory response decreases during sleep in normal me. Am Rev Respir Dis 125(3):286–289PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Eban-Rothschild A et al (2018) Neuronal mechanisms for sleep/wake regulation and modulatory drive Eban-Rothschild A et al (2018) Neuronal mechanisms for sleep/wake regulation and modulatory drive
Zurück zum Zitat Edlow BL (2012) Neuroanatomic connectivity of the human ascending arousal system critical to consciousness and its disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71(6):531–546CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Edlow BL (2012) Neuroanatomic connectivity of the human ascending arousal system critical to consciousness and its disorders. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 71(6):531–546CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Forster H et al (2014) Contributions of the pre-Bötzinger complex and the Kölliker-fuse nuclei to respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in awake and sleeping goats. Prog Brain Res 209:73–89CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Forster H et al (2014) Contributions of the pre-Bötzinger complex and the Kölliker-fuse nuclei to respiratory rhythm and pattern generation in awake and sleeping goats. Prog Brain Res 209:73–89CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Foutz AS et al (1979) Sleep state effects on breathing after spinal cord transection and vagotomy in the cat. Respir Physiol 37(1):89–100CrossRefPubMed Foutz AS et al (1979) Sleep state effects on breathing after spinal cord transection and vagotomy in the cat. Respir Physiol 37(1):89–100CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Gerashchenko D et al (2018) Sleep state dependence of optogenetically evoked responses in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 379:189–201CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Gerashchenko D et al (2018) Sleep state dependence of optogenetically evoked responses in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-positive cells of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 379:189–201CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1990) Parabrachial neuron discharge in the cat is altered during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb). Neuroscience Lett 120(2):241–244CrossRef Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1990) Parabrachial neuron discharge in the cat is altered during the carbachol-induced REM sleep-like state (DCarb). Neuroscience Lett 120(2):241–244CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1994) Pontine cholinergic reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. Integr Comp Physiol 266(1):R136–R150CrossRef Gilbert KA, Lydic R (1994) Pontine cholinergic reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. Integr Comp Physiol 266(1):R136–R150CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gutierrez G et al (2016) Respiratory rate variability in sleeping adults without obstructive sleep apnea. Physiol R 4(17):e12949CrossRef Gutierrez G et al (2016) Respiratory rate variability in sleeping adults without obstructive sleep apnea. Physiol R 4(17):e12949CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Guyenet PG (2014) Regulation of Breathing and Autonomic Outflows by Chemoreceptors. Comp Physiol 4(4):1511–1562CrossRef Guyenet PG (2014) Regulation of Breathing and Autonomic Outflows by Chemoreceptors. Comp Physiol 4(4):1511–1562CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hassani OK et al (2009) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons discharge in a reciprocal manner to orexin neurons across the sleep–wake cycle. Proc Nat Acad Sci 106(7):2418–2422CrossRefPubMed Hassani OK et al (2009) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons discharge in a reciprocal manner to orexin neurons across the sleep–wake cycle. Proc Nat Acad Sci 106(7):2418–2422CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Hong EY (2011) Differential distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)- and hypocretin (Hcrt)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the mesopontine cholinergic complex in the rat. Brain Res 1424:20–31CrossRefPubMed Hong EY (2011) Differential distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)- and hypocretin (Hcrt)-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the mesopontine cholinergic complex in the rat. Brain Res 1424:20–31CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Horner L et al. (2017) Brain circuitry controlling sleep and wakefulness. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learn Neurol, 23(4), 955–972. Horner L et al. (2017) Brain circuitry controlling sleep and wakefulness. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learn Neurol, 23(4), 955–972.
Zurück zum Zitat Huang J et al (2008) Effect of sleep stage on breathing in children with central hypoventilation. J Applied physiology 105(1):44–53CrossRef Huang J et al (2008) Effect of sleep stage on breathing in children with central hypoventilation. J Applied physiology 105(1):44–53CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hudgel DW et al (1984) Mechanics of the respiratory system and breathing pattern during sleep in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 56(1):133–137CrossRefPubMed Hudgel DW et al (1984) Mechanics of the respiratory system and breathing pattern during sleep in normal humans. J Appl Physiol 56(1):133–137CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Jordan AS et al (2015) Arousal from Sleep Does Not Lead to Reduced Dilator Muscle Activity or Elevated Upper Airway Resistance on Return to Sleep in Healthy Individuals. Sleep 38(1):53–59CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Jordan AS et al (2015) Arousal from Sleep Does Not Lead to Reduced Dilator Muscle Activity or Elevated Upper Airway Resistance on Return to Sleep in Healthy Individuals. Sleep 38(1):53–59CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Koo P et al (2017) Change in End-Expiratory Lung Volume During Sleep in Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 13(08):941–947CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Koo P et al (2017) Change in End-Expiratory Lung Volume During Sleep in Patients at Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Clin Sleep Med 13(08):941–947CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Krueger JM et al (2016) Sleep Function: Toward Elucidating an Enigma. Sleep Med Rev 28:46–54CrossRefPubMed Krueger JM et al (2016) Sleep Function: Toward Elucidating an Enigma. Sleep Med Rev 28:46–54CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Krieger J et al (1990) Breathing during sleep in normal middle-aged subjects. Sleep 13(2):143–154PubMed Krieger J et al (1990) Breathing during sleep in normal middle-aged subjects. Sleep 13(2):143–154PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kubin L et al (1992) Behavior of VRG neurons during the atonia of REM sleep induced by pontine carbachol in decerebrate cats. Brain Res 592(1–2):91–100CrossRefPubMed Kubin L et al (1992) Behavior of VRG neurons during the atonia of REM sleep induced by pontine carbachol in decerebrate cats. Brain Res 592(1–2):91–100CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Kubin L (2016) Neural control of the upper airway: respiratory and state-dependent mechanisms. Comp Physiol 6(4):1801–1850CrossRef Kubin L (2016) Neural control of the upper airway: respiratory and state-dependent mechanisms. Comp Physiol 6(4):1801–1850CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lechan RM und Toni R (2016) Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary. Endotext, South Dartmouth Lechan RM und Toni R (2016) Functional Anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary. Endotext, South Dartmouth
Zurück zum Zitat Leirão et al (2018) Hypercapnia-induced active expiration increases in sleep and enhances ventilation in unanaesthetized rats. J Physiol 596(15):3271–3283CrossRefPubMed Leirão et al (2018) Hypercapnia-induced active expiration increases in sleep and enhances ventilation in unanaesthetized rats. J Physiol 596(15):3271–3283CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Leu-Semenescu S et al (2011) Hallucinations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy: contrasts with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep Med 12(5):497–504CrossRefPubMed Leu-Semenescu S et al (2011) Hallucinations in narcolepsy with and without cataplexy: contrasts with Parkinson’s disease. Sleep Med 12(5):497–504CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Maurer et al (2013) Physiologische Grundlagen des normalen und gestörten Schlafs. In: Maurer S, Weeß S (Hrsg) Praxis der Schlafmedizin. Springer, Heidelberg Maurer et al (2013) Physiologische Grundlagen des normalen und gestörten Schlafs. In: Maurer S, Weeß S (Hrsg) Praxis der Schlafmedizin. Springer, Heidelberg
Zurück zum Zitat Mihalcescu I et al (2004) Resilient circadian oscillator revealed in individual cyanobacteria. Nature 430(6995):81CrossRefPubMed Mihalcescu I et al (2004) Resilient circadian oscillator revealed in individual cyanobacteria. Nature 430(6995):81CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Morairty SR et al (2013) A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci 110(50):20272–20277CrossRefPubMed Morairty SR et al (2013) A role for cortical nNOS/NK1 neurons in coupling homeostatic sleep drive to EEG slow wave activity. Proc Nat Acad Sci 110(50):20272–20277CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Netick A, Foutz AS (1980) Respiratory activity and sleep-wakefulness in the deafferented paralyzed cat. Sleep 3(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed Netick A, Foutz AS (1980) Respiratory activity and sleep-wakefulness in the deafferented paralyzed cat. Sleep 3(1):1–12CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Nunn CL et al (2016) Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. Evol, Med, Pub Health 1:227–243CrossRef Nunn CL et al (2016) Shining evolutionary light on human sleep and sleep disorders. Evol, Med, Pub Health 1:227–243CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat O´Callaghan C et al (2016) Adult-onset Pompe’s disease presenting with insidious hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respirol case R 4(5):e00178 O´Callaghan C et al (2016) Adult-onset Pompe’s disease presenting with insidious hypercapnic respiratory failure. Respirol case R 4(5):e00178
Zurück zum Zitat Orem JM (1985) Augmenting expiratory neuronal activity in sleep and wakefulness and in relation to duration of expiration. J Appl Physiol 85(4):1260–1266CrossRef Orem JM (1985) Augmenting expiratory neuronal activity in sleep and wakefulness and in relation to duration of expiration. J Appl Physiol 85(4):1260–1266CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Orem JM (1995) Central respiratory activity in rapid eye movement sleep: augmenting and late inspiratory cells (corrected). Sleep 17(8):665–673CrossRef Orem JM (1995) Central respiratory activity in rapid eye movement sleep: augmenting and late inspiratory cells (corrected). Sleep 17(8):665–673CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Orem JM, Kubin L (2005) Respiratory physiology: central neural control. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (Hrsg) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4. Aufl. Elsevier, Philadelphia, S 213–223CrossRef Orem JM, Kubin L (2005) Respiratory physiology: central neural control. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (Hrsg) Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 4. Aufl. Elsevier, Philadelphia, S 213–223CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Orem JM et al (2005) Excitation of medullary respiratory neurons in REM sleep. Sleep 28(7):801–807CrossRefPubMed Orem JM et al (2005) Excitation of medullary respiratory neurons in REM sleep. Sleep 28(7):801–807CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Qui MH et al (2016) Stimulation of the pontine parabrachial nucleus promotes wakefulness via extra-thalamic forebrain circuit nodes. Curr Biol 26(17):2301–2312CrossRef Qui MH et al (2016) Stimulation of the pontine parabrachial nucleus promotes wakefulness via extra-thalamic forebrain circuit nodes. Curr Biol 26(17):2301–2312CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenwasser AM (2009) Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. Brain Res Rev 61(2):281–306CrossRefPubMed Rosenwasser AM (2009) Functional neuroanatomy of sleep and circadian rhythms. Brain Res Rev 61(2):281–306CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Scammel TE et al (2017) Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 93(4):747–765CrossRef Scammel TE et al (2017) Neural circuitry of wakefulness and sleep. Neuron 93(4):747–765CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schiffmann PL et al (1983) Sleep deprivation decreases ventilatory response to CO2 but not load compensation. Chest 84(6):695–698CrossRef Schiffmann PL et al (1983) Sleep deprivation decreases ventilatory response to CO2 but not load compensation. Chest 84(6):695–698CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Siegel JM (2008) Do all animals sleep? 31(4), 208–213. Siegel JM (2008) Do all animals sleep? 31(4), 208–213.
Zurück zum Zitat Sieck GE, Harper RM (1980) Pneumotaxic area neuronal discharge during sleep-waking states in the cat. Exp Neurol 67(1):79–102CrossRefPubMed Sieck GE, Harper RM (1980) Pneumotaxic area neuronal discharge during sleep-waking states in the cat. Exp Neurol 67(1):79–102CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sherin JE et al (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271(5246):216–219CrossRefPubMed Sherin JE et al (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271(5246):216–219CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Smith HR et al (2017) Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Mediate CO2-Induced Arousal from Sleep. J Neurosci 38(8):1915–1925CrossRef Smith HR et al (2017) Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Mediate CO2-Induced Arousal from Sleep. J Neurosci 38(8):1915–1925CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Souza GMPR et al (2018) Breathing regulation and blood gas homeostasis after near complete lesions of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in adult rats. J Physiol 596(13):2521–2545CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Souza GMPR et al (2018) Breathing regulation and blood gas homeostasis after near complete lesions of the retrotrapezoid nucleus in adult rats. J Physiol 596(13):2521–2545CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat Sowho M et al (2014) Sleep and respiratory physiology in adults. Clin Chest Med 35(3):469–481CrossRefPubMed Sowho M et al (2014) Sleep and respiratory physiology in adults. Clin Chest Med 35(3):469–481CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Sunnetcioglu A et al (2016) Obstructive sleep apnea related to rapid-eye-movement or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep: comparison of demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic features. Jornal Bras Pneumologia 42(1):48–54CrossRef Sunnetcioglu A et al (2016) Obstructive sleep apnea related to rapid-eye-movement or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep: comparison of demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic features. Jornal Bras Pneumologia 42(1):48–54CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnik E et al (1981) Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during sleep in normal adolescents. J Appl Physiol 51(3):557–564CrossRefPubMed Tabachnik E et al (1981) Changes in ventilation and chest wall mechanics during sleep in normal adolescents. J Appl Physiol 51(3):557–564CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Vetrivelan R et al (2016) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons specifically promote rapid eye movement sleep in mice. Neuroscience 336:102–113CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vetrivelan R et al (2016) Melanin-concentrating hormone neurons specifically promote rapid eye movement sleep in mice. Neuroscience 336:102–113CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Zurück zum Zitat van Lunteren E, Strohl KP (1986) The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med 7(2):171PubMed van Lunteren E, Strohl KP (1986) The muscles of the upper airways. Clin Chest Med 7(2):171PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat White DP et al (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128(6):984–986PubMed White DP et al (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128(6):984–986PubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Wijnen H, Young MW (2006) Interplay of circadianclocks and metabolic rhythms. Ann Rev Genet 40:409–448CrossRefPubMed Wijnen H, Young MW (2006) Interplay of circadianclocks and metabolic rhythms. Ann Rev Genet 40:409–448CrossRefPubMed
Zurück zum Zitat Yokoba M et al (2016) Parasternal intercostal and diaphragm function during sleep. J Appl Physiol 121(1):59–65CrossRefPubMed Yokoba M et al (2016) Parasternal intercostal and diaphragm function during sleep. J Appl Physiol 121(1):59–65CrossRefPubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Atemregulation
verfasst von
Martin Groß
Bahareh Vedadinezhad
Nahid Hassanpour
Copyright-Jahr
2020
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-59014-0_3

Mit dem Seitenschneider gegen das Reißverschluss-Malheur

03.06.2024 Urologische Notfallmedizin Nachrichten

Wer ihn je erlebt hat, wird ihn nicht vergessen: den Schmerz, den die beim Öffnen oder Schließen des Reißverschlusses am Hosenschlitz eingeklemmte Haut am Penis oder Skrotum verursacht. Eine neue Methode für rasche Abhilfe hat ein US-Team getestet.

Blutdrucksenkung schon im Rettungswagen bei akutem Schlaganfall?

31.05.2024 Apoplex Nachrichten

Der optimale Ansatz für die Blutdruckkontrolle bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit akutem Schlaganfall ist noch nicht gefunden. Ob sich eine frühzeitige Therapie der Hypertonie noch während des Transports in die Klinik lohnt, hat jetzt eine Studie aus China untersucht.

Ähnliche Überlebensraten nach Reanimation während des Transports bzw. vor Ort

29.05.2024 Reanimation im Kindesalter Nachrichten

Laut einer Studie aus den USA und Kanada scheint es bei der Reanimation von Kindern außerhalb einer Klinik keinen Unterschied für das Überleben zu machen, ob die Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen während des Transports in die Klinik stattfinden oder vor Ort ausgeführt werden. Jedoch gibt es dabei einige Einschränkungen und eine wichtige Ausnahme.

Nicht Creutzfeldt Jakob, sondern Abführtee-Vergiftung

29.05.2024 Hyponatriämie Nachrichten

Eine ältere Frau trinkt regelmäßig Sennesblättertee gegen ihre Verstopfung. Der scheint plötzlich gut zu wirken. Auf Durchfall und Erbrechen folgt allerdings eine Hyponatriämie. Nach deren Korrektur kommt es plötzlich zu progredienten Kognitions- und Verhaltensstörungen.

Update AINS

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.