Introduction
Material and Methods
References | Type of article | No of patients | Age | Gender | Symptoms | Site | Treatment | Follow up | Genetic Analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bartoš et al. [3] | Case report | 1 | 78 | Female | Nasal congestion | Left middle meatus/ ethmoid cells | Endonasal resection | No information given | PAX3::MAML3 fusion |
2 | Nichols et al. [4] | Case report | 1 | 54 | Male | Nasal mass—headaches | Right middle turbinate/ethmoid/sphenoid sinus | Endoscopic surgery | No recurrence on 6 weeks post-op | PAX3::FOXO6 fusion protein |
3 | Hasnie et al. [4] | Case report | 1 | 72 | Female | Nasal congestion | Bilateral lamina papyracea/skull base/frontal sinuses | Endoscopic and bicoronal approach | Infection of the pericranial flap, pneumocephalus, and death | PAX3-MAML3 fusion (more aggressive) |
4 | Sudabatmaz et al. [5] | Case report | 1 | 55 | Female | Nasal congestion and facial pressure | Right middle meatus/ethmoid/sphenoid sinus | Endoscopic surgery | No recurrence on 1 year follow up | PAX3 gene not evaluated |
5 | Baneckova et al. [6] | Report of 3 cases and review of the literature | 1 case with BSNS | 41 | Female | Not mentioned | Nasal cavity | Not mentioned | No recurrence on 8 years follow up | PAX3-MAML3 fusion not observed |
6 | Georgantzoglou et al. [7] | Case report | 1 | 62 | Female | Nasal congestion, epistaxis and shortness of breath | Left nasal cavity extending to ethmoid/sphenoid/maxillary sinuses/cribriform plate/ periorbital fat | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | PAX3::MAML3 but also PAX7, PAX8 |
7 | Bell et al. [8] | Case report | 1 | 66 | Male | Left eye swelling, diplopia and nasal discharge | Intracranial and intraorbital extension | Bifrontal craniotomy and transnasal approach + chemoradiotherapy | Recurrence 15 years later | PAX3 gene not evaluated |
8 | Sethi et al. [9] | Report of 3 cases and review of the literature | 3 | 55 43 70 | Female Female Female | Left nasal congestion and headaches Right nasal obstruction Incidental finding | Left nasal cavity/ethmoid/sphenoid/ maxillary sinuses, cribriform plate/periorbital fat Right nasal cavity/ethmoid/sphenoid/maxillary sinuses/periorbital fat Not mentioned | Endoscopic surgery and radiotherapy Endoscopic surgery Endoscopic approach | No recurrence 32 months post-op Lost on follow up No recurrence 13 months post-op | PAX3 gene not evaluated PAX3-MAML3 fusion Not mentioned |
9 | Kominsky et al. [10] | Case report and review of the literature (100 cases) | 2 | 60 70 | Male Male | Nasal congestion and blurred vision bilaterally Nasal congestion and facial pressure | Left ethmoid sinus/ bilateral paranasal sinuses/left lamina papyracea Left frontal sinus/ethmoid cells/cribriform plate | Endoscopic surgery with duroplasty Endoscopic surgery with a second intervention to clear up margins | No recurrence 1 year post-op No recurrence 14 months post-op | Not mentioned Not mentioned |
10 | Hanbazazh et al. [10] | Case report | 1 | 50 | Male | Left diplopia, mild proptosis and nasal congestion | Left ethmoid sinus/lamina papyracea/periorbital fat | Left endoscopic removal of the intranasal tumour and Lynch-type orbital approach | Recurrence in 6 months follow up followed by craniotomy and radiotherapy–no recurrence | PAX3 rearrangement |
11 | Gross et al. [11] | Review of the literature | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
12 | Miglani et al. [12] | Case series and Review of the literature | 5 | Median age 56 years | 4/5 patients: Female | Not mentioned | 5/5: Nasal cavity, 1/5: skull base 2/5: lamina papyreacea 1/5: medial rectus muscle | 3/5: Open bifrontal craniotomy 2/5: Endoscopic resection Radiotherapy offered but refused | 2/5: Unifocal recurrence–repeat surgical excision and radiotherapy | PAX3 rearrangement |
13 | Le Loarer et al. [13] | Case series | 41 | Median age 49 years | 61% Female | Nasal congestion | 68%: Nasal cavity 49%: ethmoid sinuses 27%: both 17%: facial sinuses 15%: erosion of bones | 78%: Surgery 21%: Radiotherapy 4%: chemotherapy 4%: chemoradiotherapy | 32%: Local recurrence at 9–95 months follow up | 90%: PAX3-MAML3 fusion, 1 case PAX3-FOXO1 fusion 1 case: PAX3-WWTR1 fusion |
14 | Dean et al. [14] | Review of Imaging | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned |
15 | Chitguppi et al. [1] | Case report and literature review | 1 Literature review 95 cases | 53 Mean age: 52 years | Male Female to male ratio 2.2/1 | Nasal congestion and anosmia | Nasal cavity/Frontal and ethmoid sinuses/ orbit/skull base 28%: extrasinonasal extension | Endoscopic surgery and second stage transconjuctival surgery for intra-orbital part and Radiotherapy 1 case: Open surgery 1 case: endoscopic surgery With or without radiotherapy | No recurrence 32% recurrence in 1–28 years follow up | PAX3-MAML3 fusion PAX3-MAML3 fusion |
16 | Sugita et al. [15] | Case report | 1 | 30 | Female | Left nasal congestion and orbital swelling | Ethmoid sinus | Combined endoscopic and transcranial approach and radiotherapy | No recurreence on 3 months follow up | PAX3-MAML3 fusion |
17 | Alkhudher et al. [16] | Case report | 1 | 35 | Female | Right nasal obstruction and epistaxis | Nasal cavity/ septum/ medial maxillary wall | Endoscopic surgery | No recurrence on 2 years follow up | Not mentioned |
18 | Carter et al. [2] | Literature review | No totals provided due to overlap of cases | Mean age 50–51 years | Female to Male ratio: 2/1 | Nasal obstruction/epistaxis/sinus pain | Sinonasal expansion/orbit(25%), skull base (10%) | Surgical removal with or without radiotherapy | 40–50% Recurrence rate (1–9 years follow up), 1 reported death | Not mentioned |
19 | Andreasen et al. [17] | Literature review | 55 cases (41 genetically characterised) | Median age: 47 years | Female to Male ratio: 2/1 | Nasal congestion | Ethmoid/frontal/maxillary/sphenoid sinus involvement | Surgical removal either endoscopic or open | 2%: 3 local recurrences, 31% local recurrence in 64–72 months follow up | 7%: PAX3-MAML3 fusion, 19%: PAX3 rearrangement |
20 | Fudaba et al. [18] | Case report | 1 | 70 | Male | Haematemesis and low GCS | Left frontal sjull base and ethmoid sinus | Combined transcranial and endoscopic surgery | Recurrence after 11 years (post endoscopic removal) | No PAX3 rearrangement |
21 | Kakkar et al. [19] | Case series | 6 | Mean age 51 years | Male to Female ratio 1/5 | Nasal obstruction | 83% nasal cavity 17% ethmoid sinus and base of skull | 50% lateral rhinotomy and excision 50% refused treatment or lost follow up | 34% recurrence locally, 17% no recurrence on 10–18 months follow up, no recurrence on recently operated patient | No PAX3 assessment, but β-catenin assessment (not specific for BSNS) |
22 | Zhao et al. [20] | Case series | 4 | Median age 35 years | Male to Female ratio 2/1 | Nasal congestion | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | No recurrence on 3–15 months follow up | PAX3-FOXO1 rearrangement |
23 | Lin et al. [21] | Case report | 1 | 67 | Female | Right nasal obstruction and mass | Right nasal cavity/maxillary/fontal sphenoid/ethmoid sinuses/ skull base and frontal brain lobe | Endoscopic surgery with craniofacial resection | Death perioperatively | Peak apart signal of PAX3 |
24 | Fritchie et al. [22] | Case series | 44 BSNS samples (4 patients assessed) | Median age 40 years | Male to Female ratio 1/1 | Not mentioned | 75% nasal cavities, 25% skull base | Not mentioned | 50%:No recurrence on 12 months follow up 25%: local recurrence unclear 25%lost on follow up | 55% PAX3-MAML3 fusion, 34% PAX3 rearrangement 6% PAX3-FOXO1 fusion, 9% no PAX3 involvement |
25 | Rooper et al. [23] | Case series | 11 | Median age 44 years | Male to Female ratio 3/8 | Not mentioned | 100%: Upper sinonasal tract 25%: ethmoid sinus 20% frontal sinus 20% all sinuses 15% orbital extension | Not mentioned | 71% No recurrence on 12–26 years follow up 28% local recurrence | PAX3 not assessed properly due to possible technical failure |
26 | Huang et al. [24] | Case series | 7 | Median age 47 | Male to Female ratio 4/3 | Not mentioned | 40% Frontal/ ethmoid sinuses 20% Nasal cavity 20% both | 87% Surgery alone 13% surgery with chemoradiotherapy | Follow up in 4 cases: 1 case: local recurrence on 3 year follow up | 50% PAX3-NCOA1 fusion 50%PAX3-MAML3 fusion |
27 | Wong et al. [26] | Case report | 1 | 33 years | Male | Epistaxis | Left nasal cavity/ left sphenoid sinus | Endoscopic removal with chemoradiotherapy | No recurrence on 5 months follow up | PAX3-FOXO1 fusion |