Introduction
Materials and methods
Patients
Detection and evaluation of MCPyV DNA viral load in OSCCs
Association between MCPyV DNA and clinical characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics and sample preparation
Total (n = 115) | ||
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Sex | ||
Male | 64 | 55.7 |
Female | 51 | 44.3 |
Age | ||
Mean ± SD (Range) | 71.9 ± 12.9 (37–97) | |
Smoking (Brinkman index)* | ||
0–400 | 67 | 61.5 |
401–1000 | 28 | 25.7 |
1001–4000 | 14 | 12.8 |
Alcohol consumption** | ||
None | 65 | 60.2 |
A few times | 7 | 6.5 |
Every day | 36 | 33.3 |
Tumour site | ||
Tongue | 44 | 38.3 |
Lower gingiva | 31 | 27.0 |
Upper gingiva | 12 | 10.4 |
Floor of the mouth | 11 | 9.6 |
Cheek mucosa | 8 | 7.0 |
Palate | 6 | 5.2 |
Lip | 3 | 2.6 |
T classification | ||
1 | 36 | 31.3 |
2 | 43 | 37.4 |
3 | 4 | 3.5 |
4 | 32 | 27.8 |
N classification | ||
0 | 75 | 65.2 |
1 | 12 | 10.4 |
2 | 25 | 21.7 |
3 | 3 | 2.6 |
M classification | ||
0 | 114 | 99.1 |
1 | 1 | 0.9 |
Stage | ||
I | 30 | 26.1 |
II | 28 | 24.3 |
III | 11 | 9.6 |
IV | 46 | 40.0 |
Differentiation | ||
Poor | 4 | 3.5 |
Moderately | 16 | 13.9 |
Well | 95 | 82.6 |
Treatment | ||
Surgery | 105 | 91.3 |
CRT | 4 | 3.5 |
Palliative care | 6 | 5.2 |
Single/multiple OSCC | ||
Single OSCC | 109 [109] | 94.8 [87.2] |
Multiple OSCC | 6 [16] | 5.2 [12.8] |
Double | 3 [6] | 2.6 [4.8] |
Triple | 2 [6] | 1.3 [4.8] |
Quadruple | 1 [4] | 1.3 [3.2] |
Detection of MCPyV DNA | ||
Positive | 24 [28] | 20.9 [22.4] |
Negative | 91 [97] | 79.1 [77.6] |
Detection of MCPyV DNA viral load in OSCCs
Total (115 patients), [125 tumours] | MCPyV positive (24 patients), [28 tumours] | MCPyV negative (91 patients), [97 tumours] | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | n | % | n | % | ||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 64 | 11 | 45.8 | 53 | 58.2 | 0.357 |
Female | 51 | 13 | 54.2 | 38 | 41.8 | |
Age | ||||||
Mean ± SD (Range) | 71.9 ± 12.9 (37–97) | 71.5 ± 12.4 (37–88) | 73.4 ± 14.8 (37–97) | 0.529 | ||
Smoking (Brinkman index)* | ||||||
0–400 | 67 | 18 | 75.0 | 49 | 57.6 | 0.353 |
401–1000 | 28 | 4 | 16.7 | 24 | 28.2 | |
1001–4000 | 14 | 2 | 8.3 | 12 | 14.1 | |
Alcohol consumption** | ||||||
None | 65 | 16 | 66.7 | 49 | 58.3 | 0.16 |
A few times | 7 | 3 | 12.5 | 4 | 4.8 | |
Every day | 36 | 5 | 20.8 | 31 | 36.9 | |
Tumour site | ||||||
Tongue | 44 [49] | 7 [9] | 29.2 [32.1] | 37 [40] | 40.7 [41.2] | 0.684 [0.602] |
Lower gingiva | 31 [33] | 8 | 33.3 [28.6] | 23 [25] | 25.3 [25.8] | |
Upper gingiva | 12 | 3 | 12.5 [10.7] | 9 | 9.9 [9.3] | |
Floor of the mouth | 11 | 1 | 4.2 [3.6] | 10 | 11.0 [10.3] | |
Cheek mucosa | 8 [10] | 2 [3] | 8.3 [10.7] | 6 [7] | 6.6 [7.2] | |
Palate | 6 [7] | 2 [3] | 8.3 [10.7] | 4 | 4.4 [4.1] | |
Lip | 3 | 1 | 4.2 [3.6] | 2 | 2.2 [2.1] | |
T classification | ||||||
1 | 36 [41] | 8 [11] | 33.3 [39.3] | 28 [30] | 30.8 [30.9] | 0.344 [0.218] |
2 | 43 [46] | 12 [13] | 50.0 [46.4] | 31 [33] | 34.1 [34.0] | |
3 | 4 [5] | 0 | 0 | 4 [5] | 4.4 [5.2] | |
4 | 32 [33] | 4 | 16.7 [14.3] | 28 [29] | 30.8 [29.9] | |
N classification | ||||||
0 | 75 [84] | 16 [20] | 66.7 [71.4] | 59 [64] | 64.8 [66.0] | 0.0324 [0.0489] |
1 | 12 [13] | 6 | 25.0 [21.4] | 6 [7] | 6.6 [7.2] | |
2 | 25 | 2 | 8.3 [7.2] | 23 | 25.3 [23.7] | |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.3 [3.1] | |
M classification | ||||||
0 | 114 [124] | 24 [28] | 100 [100] | 90 [96] | 98.9 [99.0] | 1 [1] |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.1 [1.0] | |
Stage | ||||||
I | 30 [34] | 7 [9] | 29.2 [32.1] | 23 [25] | 25.3 [25.8] | 0.061 [0.0585] |
II | 28 [31] | 7 [9] | 29.2 [32.1] | 21 [22] | 23.1 [22.7] | |
III | 11 [13] | 5 | 20.8 [17.9] | 6 [8] | 6.6 [8.2] | |
IV | 46 [47] | 5 | 20.8 [17.9] | 41 [42] | 45.1 [43.3] | |
Differentiation | ||||||
Poor | 4 | 1 | 4.2 [3.6] | 3 | 3.3 [3.1] | 0.792 [0.895] |
Moderately | 16 | 4 | 16.7 [14.3] | 12 | 13.2 [12.4] | |
Well | 95 [105] | 19 [23] | 79.2 [82.1] | 76 [82] | 83.5 [84.5] | |
Treatment | ||||||
Surgery | 105 [114] | 22 [26] | 91.7 [92.9] | 83 [88] | 91.2 [90.7] | 0.571 [0.442] |
CRT | 4 [5] | 0 | 0 | 4 [5] | 4.4 [5.2] | |
Palliative care | 6 | 2 | 8.3 [7.1] | 4 | 4.4 [4.1] | |
The number of OSCC | ||||||
Single OSCC | 109 | 18 | 75.0 [64.3] | 91 | 100 [93.8] | 0.0000 [0.0002] |
Multiple OSCC | 6 [16] | 6 [10] | 25.0 [35.7] | 0 [6] | 0 [6.2] |
Single OSCC (109 patients, 109 tumours) | Multiple OSCC (6 patients, 16 tumours) | P value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
Sex | |||||
Male | 62 | (56.9) | 2 | (33.3) | 0.404 |
Female | 47 | (43.1) | 4 | (66.7) | |
Age | |||||
Mean ± SD (Range) | 71.8 ± 12.6 (37–97) | 74.7 ± 18.9 (37–87) | 0.596 | ||
Smoking (Brinkman index)* | |||||
0–400 | 61 | (59.2) | 6 | (100) | 0.195 |
401–1000 | 28 | (27.2) | 0 | (0) | |
1001–4000 | 14 | (13.6) | 0 | (0) | |
Alcohol consumption** | |||||
None | 60 | (58.8) | 5 | (83.3) | 0.614 |
A few times | 7 | (6.9) | 0 | (0) | |
Every day | 35 | (34.3) | 1 | (16.7) | |
Tumour site*** | |||||
Tongue + Floor of the mouth | 55 | (50.5) | 5 | (31.25) | 0.0467 |
Lower + Upper gingiva | 40 | (36.7) | 5 | (31.25) | |
Others (Cheek mucosa + Palate + Lip) | 14 | (12.8) | 6 | (37.5) | |
T classification*** | |||||
1 + 2 | 73 | (67.0) | 14 | (87.5) | 0.145 |
3 + 4 | 36 | (33.0) | 2 | (12.5) | |
N classification*** | |||||
0 | 69 | (63.3) | 15 | (93.75) | 0.0199 |
1 + 2 + 3 | 40 | (36.7) | 1 | (6.25) | |
M classification*** | |||||
0 | 108 | (99.1) | 16 | (100) | 1 |
1 | 1 | (0.9) | 0 | (0) | |
Stage*** | |||||
I + II | 52 | (47.7) | 13 | (81.25) | 0.0152 |
III + IV | 57 | (52.3) | 3 | (18.75) | |
Differentiation*** | |||||
Poor | 4 | (3.7) | 0 | (0) | 1 |
Moderately | 14 | (12.8) | 2 | (12.5) | |
Well | 91 | (83.5) | 14 | (87.5) | |
Treatment*** | |||||
Surgery | 99 | (94.3) | 15 | (93.75) | 0.592 |
CRT | 4 | (3.7) | 1 | (6.25) | |
Palliative care | 6 | (5.5) | 0 | (0) | |
Detection of MCPyV DNA*** | |||||
Positive | 18 | (16.5) | 10 | (62.5) | 0.0002 |
Negative | 91 | (83.5) | 6 | (37.5) |
Viral DNA load level of MCPyV-positive patients with multiple primary OSCCs vs. single primary OSCCs
Patient no | Sex | Age | Smoking (Brinkman index) | Alcohol | Oral sites | Oral MCPyV | Copies/cell | MCPyV detection rates of each patient | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiple primary OSCCs | 1 | M | 87 | 0 | None | Cheek mucosa | + | 0.025 | 1/3 tumours |
Tongue | − | ||||||||
Lower gingiva | − | ||||||||
2 | F | 86 | 0 | None | Cheek mucosa | + | 0.009 | 2/2 tumours | |
Palate | + | 0.007 | |||||||
3 | F | 76 | 0 | None | Lower gingiva | + | 0.329 | 3/4 tumours | |
Tongue (Lt) | + | 0.577 | |||||||
Tongue (Rt) | + | 1.826 | |||||||
Tongue (Lt) | − | ||||||||
4 | F | 82 | 0 | None | Upper gingiva | + | 0.702 | 1/2 tumours | |
Lower gingiva | − | ||||||||
5 | F | 80 | 0 | None | Lip | + | 0.022 | 1/2 tumours | |
Cheek mucosa | − | ||||||||
6 | M | 37 | 0 | Every day | Lower gingiva | + | 1.842 | 2/3 tumours | |
Cheek mucosa | + | 0.136 | |||||||
Tongue | − |