Introduction
Background
Clinical relevance and objectives
Methods
Study design and sources
Eligibility criteria
Synthesis of results
Results
Summary of study characteristics
Sexual dysfunction
Authors, year, country | Study design | N | Methods | Main findings for male population studied |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kaplan et al., 2023, United States [36] | Retrospective cohort | 176 | MSQoL-54 Modified Fatigue Impact Scale Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Descriptive analysis, comparison, correlations, and linear regression (adjusted) | Low sexual function baseline prevalence was 32% and low sexual satisfaction baseline prevalence was 45% Older age, depression, and greater disability due to MS were associated with lower sexual satisfaction Fatigue was associated with sexual dysfunction |
Di Pauli et al., 2023, Austria [42] | Cross-sectional | 50 | MSISQ-19 Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29 Serum sex hormone levels Descriptive analysis and comparison | Sexual dysfunction prevalence was 40% Hormonal profiles were mostly similar in those with and without sexual dysfunction, except lower inhibin B levels in those with sexual dysfunction |
de Melo et al. 2023, Brazil [40] | Cross-sectional | 92 | MSISQ-19 Descriptive analysis and comparison | One third felt their body is less attractive (32%), worried about sexually satisfying their partner (34%), and reported erectile dysfunction (33%) A quarter felt less confident about their sexuality due to MS and feared being sexually rejected due to MS (24%) |
Seyman et al., 2022, Canada [35] | Cross-sectional | 12 | MSISQ-19 SQoL-M Brain and spinal cord MRI Descriptive analysis, comparison, and linear regression (adjusted) | Most subjects had moderate impact of MS on their sexual quality of life There was no independent association of sexual dysfunction severity and quantitative brain and spinal cord MRI metrics when controlling for mood and fatigue |
Sabanagic-Hajric et al., 2022, Bosnia and Herzegovina [37] | Cross-sectional | 45 | MSQoL-54 Descriptive analysis and comparison | More than half (60%) reported the presence of sexual dysfunction |
Altmann et al., 2021, Austria [26] | Cross-sectional | 40 | MSISQ-19 MSQoL-54 Descriptive analysis, comparison, and logistic regression (adjusted) | Sexual dysfunction was commonly reported (45%) |
Nabavi et al., 2021, Iran [44] | Cross-sectional | 320 | Male Sexual Health Questionnaire SQoL-M IIEF-15 MSISQ-19 General Health Questionnaire Descriptive analysis and logistic regression (adjusted) | More than a third reported sexual dysfunction (36%) Factors associated with sexual dysfunction were age, greater disability due to MS, smoking, and worse mental health |
Wu et al., 2020, International [30] | Prospective cohort | 367 | MSQoL-54 Descriptive analysis, comparison, and logistic regression (adjusted) | More than half reported lack of sexual interest (53%) and erectile dysfunction (58%) Perceived cognitive impairment was associated with sexual dysfunction, even when adjusted for age, disability severity, disease duration, marital status, fatigue, depression, comorbidities, and physical activity |
Pasic et al., 2019, Croatia [45] | Cross-sectional | 26 | MSISQ-15 Descriptive analysis and comparison | A third reported erectile dysfunction (35%), and almost a quarter worried about sexually satisfying their partner (23%), felt less confident about sexuality (23%), less masculine (23%), and less attractive (23%) due to MS |
Tudor et al., 2018, United Kingdom [46] | Cross-sectional | 20 | MSISQ-15 ASEX Original 29-item survey Original 23-item Survey Descriptive analysis and comparison | Most reported erectile dysfunction (70%), and 40% reported feeling less confident about their sexuality due to MS Presence of family or friends was seen as a common barrier to help-seeking for sexual dysfunction (40%), as well as other MS symptoms overshadowing sexual problems (30%) |
Kisic-Tepavcevic et al., 2015, Serbia [49] | Prospective cohort | 27 | Original 16-item survey Szasz sexual functioning scale Descriptive analysis, comparison, and generalized linear latent and mixed models (adjusted) | Over 6-year follow-up, sexual activity declined (4% vs. 19% sexually inactive), as well as libido (48% vs 70%), while inability to ejaculate increased (25% vs 52%) A third were willing to discuss sexual dysfunction with partners (33%), but less with a treating provider or friend (7%) |
Lew-Starowicz, Rola, 2014, Poland [47] | Cross-sectional | 67 | SQoL-M IIEF-15 Descriptive analysis, comparison, and correlations | Most subjects had erectile dysfunction (52.9%) and 43% were not satisfied with their overall sexual life SQoL-M scores correlated with most IIEF-15 domain scores A minority discussed their sexual concerns with providers (6%) |
Lew-Starowicz, Rola, 2014, Poland [48] | Cross-sectional | 67 | SQoL-M IIEF-15 Beck Depression Inventory Descriptive analysis, comparison, and correlations | Greater symptoms of depression were associated with decreased sexual function tests scores Older age was associated with lower scores for sexual desire |
Fragalà et al., 2014, Italy [43] | Cross-sectional | 60 | IIEF-15 MSISQ-19 Descriptive analysis, comparison, and logistic regression (adjusted) | Greater disability due to MS was associated with greater erectile dysfunction, but not with overall sexual dysfunction |
Orasanu et al., 2013, United States [29] | Cross-sectional | 1,568 | MSISQ-19 Descriptive analysis and comparison | Erectile dysfunction was common (41%), as well as issues with achieving an orgasm (36%) A third reported decreased libido (30%), and a quarter worried about sexually satisfying their partner (26%) |
Celik et al., 2013, Turkey [39] | Cross-sectional | 45 | MSISQ-19 ASEX Descriptive analysis and comparison | Sexual dysfunction was common (49%) Frequently reported symptoms included erectile dysfunction (20%), decreased confidence about sexuality (17%), lack of libido (13%), and anorgasmia (13%) |
Tepavcevic et al., 2008, Serbia [38] | Cross-sectional | 31 | MSQoL-54 Szasz Sexual Functioning Scale Hamilton Depression Rating Scale Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale Descriptive analysis and comparison | More than half reported reduced libido (55%) and erectile dysfunction (52%) Problems with ejaculation were common (45%) Age, disability due to MS, being retired, depression, anxiety, and fatigue were associated with sexual dysfunction |
Fraser et al., 2008, United States [50] | Cross-sectional | 32 | Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale Descriptive analysis and correlations | Most subjects reported sexual dysfunction (59%), including issues with erection or ejaculation (28%), or problems which completely prevented sexual activities (16%) Sexual dysfunction was associated with lower limb disability and bladder dysfunction There was no association between sexual dysfunction and age or years since MS diagnosis |
Demirkiran et al., 2006, Turkey [41] | Cross-sectional | 18 | MSISQ-19 Descriptive analysis and comparison | Most subjects reported erectile dysfunction (72%), decreased libido (64%), and anorgasmia (53%) |
McCabe et al., 2003, Australia [51] | Prospective cohort | 120 | Index of Sexual Satisfaction Sexual Dysfunction Scale Sexual Function Scale WHOQoL-100 Descriptive analysis and comparison | Erectile dysfunction was more common with MS than in general population (37% vs 11%), as were problems with ejaculation (29% v s 11%) Having no sexual dysfunction was common in general population (43%), but not with MS (16%) |
Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Authors, year, country | Study design | N | Methods | Main findings |
Bientinesi et al., 2022, Italy [54] | Cross-sectional | 57 | Dyadic Adjustment Scale ICIQ-MLTUS IIEF-5 Descriptive and linear regression (adjusted) | Urinary tract dysfunction, ED, and greater disability due to MS were associated with negative effects for partnered relationships |
Tomé et al., 2019, Brazil [56] | Cross-sectional | 41 | IIEF-5 ICSmSF Descriptive analysis and comparison | Greater disability due to MS and lower urinary tract dysfunction were associated with ED |
Balsamo et al., 2017, Italy [27] | Cross-sectional | 101 | IIEF-15 SQoL-M International Prostate Symptom Score Beck Depression Inventory Descriptive analysis and logistic regression (adjusted) | Most subjects reported ED (74%) Depression and prostate symptoms were associated with ED |
Keller et al. 2012, Taiwan [52] | Case–control | 38,139 cases with ED (262,848 controls) | IIEF-5 based on a national health insurance registry Logistic regression (adjusted) | After adjustment for age, urbanization level, and index time of ED diagnosis, those with ED were 2.4 times more likely to have been diagnosed with MS than those without ED Additional adjustment for monthly income, geographic location, vascular comorbidities, and alcohol use still supported the same association (odds ratio 2.2) |
Lombardi et al., 2010, Italy [55] | Clinical trial | 96 | IIEF-15 Sexual Encounter Profile Questions 2 and 3 Life Satisfaction Checklist Descriptive analysis and comparison | After 12 weeks of pre-intercourse tadalafil use (10 mg or 20 mg dose), most subjects (72.9%) experienced improvement in ED and sexual quality of life |
Dachille et al., 2008, Italy [28] | Cross-sectional | 124 | IIEF-15 Descriptive analysis | A third reported moderate or severe ED (29%), and 16% had mild ED 38 subjects (30%) started sildenafil (50 mg or 100 mg) to treat ED |
Fowler et al., 2005, International [53] | Clinical trial | 217 | IIEF-15 Global Efficacy Questions Life Satisfaction Checklist Descriptive analysis and comparison | Subjects who took sildenafil (25- 100 mg) had a greater improvement in ED (90%) versus the placebo group (24%), which was also reflected in improved sexual quality of life |
Fertility
Authors, year, country | Study design | N | Methods | Main findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fertility | ||||
D’Amico et al., 2021, Italy [57] | Prospective cohort | 32 | Serum sex hormone levels Sperm analysis Descriptive analysis and comparison | Measured hormonal and sperm parameters were similar regardless of MS diagnosis When compared to baseline, after 12 months of disease-modifying therapies (natalizumab or ocrelizumab), there were no changes in measured hormonal or sperm parameters in MS group |
Glazer et al., 2018, Denmark [58] | Retrospective cohort | 51,063 | Cross-sectional and survival analysis based on national registries for fertility treatment and MS Logistic and Cox regression (crude and confounder adjusted) | Based on a national registry of couples who underwent fertility treatment, male factor infertility was associated with a diagnosis of MS (odds ratio 1.61), but not with a subsequent new diagnosis of MS |
Frau et al., 2018, Italy [59] | Retrospective cohort | 80 | Original survey Descriptive analysis and comparison | There were no differences in number of pregnancies and rates of abortion or miscarriage between women with MS and partners of men with MS, in the period before or after treatment with mitoxantrone |
Hedström et al., 2014, Sweden [18] | Case–control | 497 cases with MS (1,081 controls) | Original questionnaire regarding reproductive history Logistic regression analysis (adjusted) | There was an association between MS diagnosis and not having a child in the 5 years prior to index MS symptom (odds ratio for MS was 0.6 for those with children vs childless) |
Nielsen et al., 2011, Denmark [25] | Retrospective cohort | 2,240,000 | National Danish Civil Registration system, respectively, cross-matched with Danish Birth, Hospital, and MS Registers Log-linear Poisson regression analysis (adjusted) | Having children was associated with a decreased risk of MS diagnosis (relative risk 0.89), with number of children being inversely associated with risk of MS diagnosis (in the case of being a male parent of 4 children, relative risk was 0.74) |
Family planning | ||||
Bonavita et al., 2021, International [62] | Cross-sectional | 61 | Original survey Descriptive analysis | Most of the subjects reported that MS did not have an impact on their plans of having children (49%), a quarter significantly changed their plans, and 8% decided against having children due to MS diagnosis |
Rasmussen et al., 2018, Denmark [61] | Cross-sectional | 102 | Original survey Descriptive analysis | Information about fetal risks with disease-modifying therapies was commonly obtained from MS treatment team (40%) organization websites (27%), or social media (13%) Majority did not know if their current disease-modifying therapy had direct teratogenic risks (74%), or if disease-modifying therapies of male partners with MS may be associated with future teratogenic risks for the female partner without MS (85%) |