Introduction
Previous studies have largely focused on the cognitive function and demonstrate that neurocognitive impairment is a core feature of schizophrenia [
1]. In recent years, social cognition has gradually been paid more attention to. Social cognition is an umbrella theoretical construct that refers to the ability for individuals to perceive, interpret, and process social information for interactions [
2,
3]. It includes emotional perception, theory of mind, social perception, and attributional style [
3]. Alexithymia belongs to another important aspect of social cognitive and has not been investigated to a great extent. The term alexithymia was derived from Greek (a = lack, lexis = word, thymos = emotion) to describe deficiencies in emotional functioning [
4,
5]. Alexithymia, which literally means “absence of words for feelings,” is characterized by cognitive–affective disturbances and involves impairments in identifying and expressing one’s feelings verbally [
6].
Patients with schizophrenia experience difficulties in dealing with emotions, which is evidenced by having lowered or disturbed emotional perception, emotional experience, emotional expression, and emotional identification [
7]. Previous studies had shown that alexithymia can exist in both acute and stable stages of schizophrenia [
8]. Relatively limited data have suggested that the prevalence of alexithymia in schizophrenia populations ranges from 30 to 46% [
9,
10], which is significantly higher than in the general population [
11]. Patients with schizophrenia with lack of emotional awareness associated with alexithymia have been demonstrated to influence personal satisfaction [
12] and social functioning [
13], as well as to impair one’s ability to interact with people and form close, meaningful connections [
14]. Alexithymia is not regarded as a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Alexithymia is regularly assessed using the self-report scale known as Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) rather than the diagnostic criteria [
15]. Therefore, the study about alexithymia in patients with schizophrenia should focus on the stable episode rather than acute episode, which was due to the characteristics of disease.
Several studies have explored the relationship between alexithymia and demographic factors and clinical psychopathology, but the results have been inconsistent. Wout et al. showed that male patients with schizophrenia have particular alexithymia patterns which make it difficult to recognize and express emotions [
16]. Kubota et al. recruited 21 patients with schizophrenia and revealed that both men and women faced obstacles identifying and describing their own emotions [
17]. They also showed that there was no association between alexithymia and illness duration or antipsychotics. With regards to clinical psychopathology, previous reports have revealed that patients with schizophrenia without social drive and curbing of interests demonstrate strong correlations between alexithymia and psychopathological symptoms, particularly negative psychopathological symptoms [
18]. Furthermore, Fogley et al. demonstrated that higher levels of alexithymia are associated with greater emotional discomfort [
19]. Some studies, however, have questioned links between alexithymia and psychotic symptoms and showed that alexithymia is not related to the severity of psychopathological symptoms (i.e., positive or negative symptom dimensions) [
8,
17,
19,
20]. Todarello et al. reported that the severity of alexithymia remained stable even when psychiatric symptoms showed improvement throughout a year of treatment, indicating that alexithymia was an independent construct from schizophrenia [
8]. The inconsistencies of these results may be due to the heterogeneity of schizophrenia individuals, which were caused by different comorbidities of disorder such as anxiety, depression or personality disorder. Fogley et al. pointed that anxiety and depression were associated with alexithymia. Furthermore, anxiety and depression may impair the ability or motivation to express emotions [
19]. Yu et al. revealed the relationship between personality disorder and alexithymia in patients with schizophrenia [
21]. For example, they found that the antisocial personality disorder can predict difficulty identifying feelings due to lacking of empathy and showing indifference to others. The avoidant style predicted difficulty describing feelings because of the increasing of introversion and neuroticism. The histrionic and paranoid personality disorder can predict externally oriented thinking because of focusing on concrete details of external and high vigilance. Therefore, the differences of comorbidities contribute to the alexithymia in patients with schizophrenia.
To date, no definitive conclusions have been drawn about the relationship between alexithymia and clinical symptoms or the clinical correlates of that relationship, and the relevant studies in stable patients with schizophrenia are very few. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate: (1) the percentage of alexithymia in stable patients with schizophrenia; (2) the association between alexithymia and clinical psychopathological symptoms in stable patients with schizophrenia; and (3) any demographic factors correlated of alexithymia.
Discussion
The primary results of this study included: (1) alexithymia percentage in patients with schizophrenia was 35.2%; (2) PANSS negative symptoms and depressive symptoms were positively associated with alexithymia; (3) education levels were inversely associated with alexithymia.
Our study found an alexithymia percentage of 35.2%, which was nearly consistent with a previous study (30% percentage in outpatients) [
9]. Additionally, alexithymia percentage in our study cohort was much higher than that previously observed (i.e., an 5–14% percentage in the general population) [
30]. Patients with schizophrenia had been hospitalized for extended periods, and these closed hospitalization environments restricted their ability to communicate with family and friends. Another plausible explanation is that chronic patients with schizophrenia could also be suffering from the symptoms of the diseases themselves, including social withdrawal, emotional indifference, and decreased initiative, all of which could have increased the percentage of alexithymia. However, McGillivray et al. defined 64 on the TAS-20 as the cutoff for alexithymia and calculated a 45.7% prevalence [
10]. Thus, these differences could be attributed to differing definitions of alexithymia. Our results indicated that patients with schizophrenia in stable stages also had a relatively high alexithymia level.
We found a positive relationship between alexithymia (mainly based on total TAS-20 scores and DDF) and negative PANSS symptoms, which was consistent with previous findings [
18,
31]. Possible explanations include, first, theoretically, negative schizophrenia symptoms are compatible with alexithymia, and the same symptomatology is responsible for the link between alexithymia and negative symptoms. Second, Rahm et al. showed that changes in amygdala structure and function were associated with negative symptoms and decreased emotional expression in schizophrenia [
32]. It also appears that dysfunction in these brain areas could be the neurological foundation for alexithymia [
33,
34]. Thus, another possibility is that alexithymia and negative symptoms of schizophrenia may be linked by the same neurological substrates. A third potential cause may be related to personality traits, which influence individuals’ social behaviors. Negative symptoms have been shown to be substantially related to the harm-avoidance personality dimension [
35]. People exhibiting avoidance traits find it difficult to communicate and hide their feelings. Thus, their capacity to share their feelings with others was hampered by their self-imposed social isolation [
36]. However, previous research has also produced conflicting results. Gaweda et al. performed a study on 60 patients with schizophrenia and showed that the severity of hallucination was related to alexithymia [
20]. Todarello et al. recruited 29 outpatients with schizophrenia and showed that alexithymia was not associated with negative symptoms [
8]. The discrepancies in results across those studies may be due to methodological differences, including different sample sizes [
8], differing assessment tests, changes in research design, and/or differences in clinical characteristics (e.g., severity and illness duration, age of disease onset, and the number of episodes).
We also found that depressive PANSS symptoms were positively correlated with the TAS-20 total scale, DIF scale, and DDF scale. This indicates that the severity of depression can increase the occurrence of alexithymia, which has also been found in some previous research [
37‐
40]. One possible explanation for this phenomenon is that depression can weaken the capability or motivation to express emotions. Patients with depression regularly applied emotional suppression strategies to deal with symptoms, so it was more difficult for them to describe their emotions freely [
40]. Additionally, secondary alexithymia could occur as a result of the depressed symptoms themselves. According to the theory of secondary alexithymia, alexithymia may be a defense strategy to deal with emotional pain, which would mean that people with negative emotions may have high alexithymia levels [
41]. In the end, depressive symptoms have the potential to cause social isolation, which creates an atmosphere that is unsuitable for emotional expression. However, some other studies did not report an association between depressive symptoms and alexithymia. Yu et al. recruited 60 paranoid patients with schizophrenia and showed that depressive symptoms were not associated with alexithymia [
21]. Van der et al. conducted a study including four different groups and showed a relationship between alexithymia and depressive symptoms in siblings of schizophrenia patients and controls, but not within the schizophrenia group [
42]. Taken together, this evidence suggests that there may be an internal relationship between depressive symptoms and alexithymia, but further study is needed in larger-scale samples to increase the understanding of the relationship between depressive symptoms and alexithymia.
We also found that the education levels were negatively associated with the TAS-20 total scale (which captures dimensions related to difficulties describing feelings and external oriented thinking), in line with previous studies [
43,
44]. The relationship means the lower the level of education, the greater the alexithymia. When comparing less well-educated patients to highly educated ones, fewer educated individuals had problems detecting and comprehending others’ emotions. At the same time, patients with lower education levels also had lower levels of psychological awareness and emotional intelligence, which could lead to increased difficulties in articulating and coping with their feelings, and could have made them more susceptible to alexithymia. Additionally, having lower levels of education may be associated with poor communication skills and inadequate social contact, both of which may contribute to the incidence of alexithymia in the population.
There are some strengths in the study that should be highlighted: first, alexithymia is valued by self-report scale, which makes it difficult for acute patients with schizophrenia to accomplish the assessment. Therefore, since alexithymia is an inner state [
45], our study recruited the patients in stable episode, which made our results more authenticity and validity. Second, this was the first study recruiting large sample of stable patients with schizophrenia in China to investigate the related factors of alexithymia.
There were several limitations to our study. First, included patients had been treated with various antipsychotics. Although these antipsychotics were converted to equivalent chlorpromazine doses, all possible confounding effects might not have been eliminated. A future study recruiting never-treated first-episode schizophrenia patients should be conducted to validate our results in this specific population. Second, we used the TAS-20 scale to measure the severity of alexithymia, but this scale is a self-report evaluation instrument. In the future, a third-party scale could be used to evaluate alexithymia in schizophrenia patients. Third, this cross-sectional study cannot draw definitive conclusions about causal relationships between clinical correlates and alexithymia. Forth, since we did not recruit healthy controls for comparison, whether the percentage of alexithymia in patients with schizophrenia was higher than that in healthy controls should be interpreted carefully. Finally, although we discovered correlations between alexithymia and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, the potential mechanisms underlying the alexithymia in schizophrenia remained largely unknown.
In conclusion, this study showed that the percentage of alexithymia was relatively higher in stable patients with schizophrenia and that education levels, negative symptoms, and depressive symptoms were independently associated with alexithymia in this specific population. Clinicians should increase the screening of alexithymia in patients with schizophrenia. Our results can improve our understanding of alexithymia, which can help us make diagnosis of it at an early stage. Thus, we can develop more effective intervention strategies to reduce the negative impact induced by alexithymia. Further it is recommended to train patients with alexithymia and introduce psychological intervention and cognitive training to encourage them to identify and describe their emotions and feelings in an appropriate way. At last, patients with schizophrenia can establish and maintain meaningful and close relationships with others.