Introduction
Methods
Research questions
Search strategy
Selection criteria
Data extraction and quality appraisal
Results
Study selection and inclusion
Morphology | Functional | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Species | In vivo | In vitro | |||||||
No. | Author | Year | Species | No. | Author | Year | Species | ||||
1 | Kirby et al. | 1980 | Chick | 1 | Brandys et al. | 1984 | Dog | 1 | Furshpan et al. | 1976 | Rat |
2 | Armour and Hopkins | 1981 | Dog | 2 | Zhang et al. | 2007 | Rat | 2 | Landis | 1976 | Rat |
3 | Billman et al. | 1982 | Nonhuman primate | 3 | Li et al.** | 2010 | Rat | 3 | Chun and Patterson | 1977 | Rat |
4 | Hopkins and Armour | 1984 | Dog | 4 | Li et al. | 2011 | Rat | 4 | King et al. | 1978 | Rat |
5 | Shih et al. | 1985 | Cat | 5 | Liu et al.* | 2013 | Rat | 5 | Schwab and Landis | 1981 | Rat |
6 | Janes et al. | 1986 | Human | 6 | Kong et al.** | 2013 | Rat | 6 | Coughlin et al. | 1981 | Mouse |
7 | Wu et al. | 1988 | Cat | 7 | Liu et al.** | 2014 | Rat | 7 | Coughlin and Kessler | 1982 | Mouse |
8 | Pardini et al. | 1989 | Rat | 8 | Na et al. | 2014 | Rat | 8 | De Ridder and De Potter | 1983 | Rat |
9 | Chuang et al. | 1992 | Nonhuman primate | 9 | Zhang et al. | 2015 | Rat | 9 | Rawdon and Dockray | 1983 | Mouse |
10 | Hirakawa et al. | 1993 | Dog | 10 | Tu et al. | 2016 | Rat | 10 | Kessler et al. | 1984 | Rat |
11 | Verberne et al. | 1999 | Chick/Quail | 11 | Wu et al. | 2016 | Rat | 11 | Uchida and Tomonaga | 1985 | Mouse |
12 | Pather et al. | 2003 | Human | 12 | Xu et al. | 2016 | Rat | 12 | Lahtinen et al. | 1986 | Rat |
13 | Chuang et al. | 2004 | Nonhuman primate | 13 | Zou et al. | 2017 | Rat | 13 | Furshpan et al. (1) | 1986 | Rat |
14 | Kawashima and Sasaki | 2005 | Human | 14 | Liu et al. | 2018 | Rat | 14 | Furshpan et al. (2) | 1986 | Rat |
15 | Kawashima | 2005 | Human | 15 | Yu et al.* | 2018 | Rat | 15 | Potter et al. | 1986 | Rat |
16 | Kawashima et al. | 2005 | Nonhuman primate | 16 | Ziegler et al. | 2018 | Mouse | 16 | Matsumoto et al. | 1987 | Rat |
17 | Li et al. | 2006 | Guinea Pig | 17 | Cheng et al.** | 2018 | Rabbit | 17 | Conforti et al. | 1991 | Rat |
18 | Tanaka et al. | 2007 | Shrew | 18 | Shi et al. | 2019 | Rat | 18 | Rawdon | 1991 | Mouse |
19 | Kawashima and Sasaki | 2007 | Human | 19 | Prado et al. | 2020 | Rat | 19 | Kannan et al. | 1994 | Rat |
20 | Kawashima et al. | 2008 | Nonhuman primate | 20 | Zhang et al. | 2020 | Rat | 20 | Lockhart et al. | 1997 | Rat |
21 | Kawashima et al. | 2009 | Nonhuman primate | 21 | Zou et al. | 2022 | Rat | 21 | Ulupinar et al. | 1998 | Rat |
22 | Kawashima and Thorington | 2011 | Nonhuman primate | 22 | Ge et al. | 2022 | Mouse | 22 | Hasan et al. | 2006 | Rat |
23 | Kawashima et al. | 2013 | Nonhuman primate | 23 | Cheng et al.** | 2023 | Rabbit | 23 | Shcherbakova et al. | 2007 | Mouse |
24 | Liu et al.* | 2013 | Rat | 24 | Zhang et al. | 2023 | Rat | 24 | Li et al.** | 2010 | Rat |
25 | Manousiouthakis et al. | 2014 | Mouse | 25 | Miwa et al. | 2010 | Rat | ||||
26 | Yu et al.* | 2018 | Rat | 26 | Takeuchi et al. | 2011 | Rat | ||||
27 | Kong et al.** | 2013 | Rat | ||||||||
28 | Miwa et al. | 2013 | Rat | ||||||||
29 | Liu et al.** | 2014 | Rat | ||||||||
30 | Cheng et al.** | 2018 | Rabbit | ||||||||
31 | Ge et al. | 2020 | Mouse | ||||||||
32 | Cheng et al.** | 2023 | Rabbit |
Quality assessment
Morphological evidence of SCG-cardiac innervation per species
Morphological studies | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Pre/postnatal | Type of study | N* | Health status | Sex (M/F) | Relevance sex | Both sides SCG included | Relevance sidedness | Direct involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found | Indirect involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found |
Human | |||||||||||
Janes et al. | 1986 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 23 | Healthy | 15/8 | NR | Yes | No | No | No |
Pather et al. | 2003 | Prenatal | Macromorphology | 8 | Healthy | 4/4 | NR | Yes | No | Yes, via superior cardiac nerve | – |
Postnatal | 21 | 11/10 | |||||||||
Kawashima and Sasaki | 2005 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 2 | Retroesophageal right subclavian artery (cause of death: case 1, gastric cancer; case 2, duodenal cancer) | 0/2 | – | Yes | Yes, left > right | Sometimes, via superior cardiac nerve | Sometimes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima | 2005 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 18 | Clearly abnormal hearts or surrounding vessels excluded | NR/NR | – | Yes | Yes, left > right | Sometimes, via superior cardiac nerve | Sometimes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima and Sasaki | 2007 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 1 | Anomalous left vertebral artery; normal great arterial branching pattern of the aortic arch | NR/NR | – | Yes | No | Yes, via superior cardiac nerve | – |
26 | Yes | Yes, left > right | Yes, via superior cardiac nerve | ||||||||
Nonhuman primate (specification see text) | |||||||||||
Billman et al. | 1982 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 10 | Healthy | 10/0 | – | Yes | No | No | No |
Chuang et al. | 1992 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 15 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Chuang et al. | 2004 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 16 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Kawashima et al. | 2005 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 11 | Healthy | 7/4 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima et al. | 2008 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 10 | Healthy | 8/2 | No | Yes | Yes, left > right | Sometimes, via superior cardiac nerve | Sometimes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima et al. | 2009 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 12 | Clearly abnormal hearts, surrounding great vessels or a heart position associated with a condition excluded | 4/7, 1 NR | No | Yes | Yes, left > right | No | Yes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima and Thorington | 2011 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 7 | Clearly abnormal heart, surrounding great vessels or a heart position associated with a condition excluded | 3/4 | NR | Yes | NR | No | Yes, via sympathetic trunk |
Kawashima et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 3 | Healthy | NR/NR | – | Yes | No | No | Yes, via sympathetic trunk |
Dog | |||||||||||
Armour and Hopkins | 1981 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 38 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Hopkins and Armour | 1984 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 27 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Hirakawa et al. | 1993 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 23 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Cat | Healthy | ||||||||||
Shih et al. | 1985 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 15 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Wu et al. | 1988 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 28 | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | Yes, depending on injected location | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Guinea pig | |||||||||||
Li et al. | 2006 | Postnatal | Anterograde labeling | NR | Chemical sympathectomy with 6-OHDA | NR/0 | – | No | – | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Rat | |||||||||||
Pardini et al. | 1989 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 69 | Healthy | NR/NR | – | Yes | No | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Liu et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 24 | MI by LAD occlusion | NR/NR | – | No, only left SCG | – | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Yu et al. | 2018 | Postnatal | Retrograde labeling | 24 | MI by LAD occlusion | 24/0 | – | Yes | No | Yes, limited number of traced cells | – |
Mouse | |||||||||||
Manousiouthakis et al. | 2014 | Prenatal | Histomorphology | Unclear | Healthy | NR/NR | – | Yes | NR | No | Yes, intermixed with projections from stellate ganglia |
Shrew | |||||||||||
Tanaka et al. | 2007 | Postnatal | Macromorphology | 10 | Healthy | 5/5 | NR | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Chick | |||||||||||
Kirby et al. | 1980 | Prenatal | Histomorphology | NR chick | Healthy | NR/NR | – | Yes | No | No | No |
Verberne et al. | 1999 | Prenatal | Histomorphology | 3 chick, 21 quail-chick chimeras | Healthy | NR/NR | – | Yes | NR | No | Yes, via carotid nerve |
Human (n = 5)
Nonhuman primate (n = 8)
Dogs (n = 3)
Cats (n = 2)
Guinea pigs (n = 1)
Rats (n = 3)
Mice (n = 1)
Shrew (n = 1)
Chick (n = 2)
Summary
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In all species, morphological evidence that the SCG innervates the heart either directly or indirectly was found, but its contribution is likely limited as only very few neurons could be retrogradely traced.
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SCG sidedness may be relevant, and if so, often the left SCG is macromorphologically considered to contribute more than the right SCG to cardiac innervation. Of note, findings depended on the site of injection in the heart in retrograde labeling studies.
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There is not enough morphological information about sex differences.
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Prenatal studies were found to be underrepresented in morphological studies.
Functional in vivo evidence of SCG-cardiac innervation per species
Functional—in vivo studies | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Pre/postnatal | N* | Strain/breed | Condition | Sex (M/F) | Relevance sex | Both sides SCG included | Relevance sidedness | Substances tested/outcome measures | Any direct involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found | Any indirect involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found |
Dog | ||||||||||||
Brandys et al. | 1984 | Postnatal | 4 | Mongrel | Hexamethonium administration | Either sex, number NR | NR | Yes | No | Heart rate, atrial contraction force, intramyocardial pressure, ECG | No | – |
Rabbit | ||||||||||||
Cheng et al. | 2018 | Postnatal | 10 | NR | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Fluvastatin | – | Yes |
Cheng et al. | 2023 | Postnatal | 18 | NR | Isoproterenol-induced MI | 18/0 | – | NR | – | P2Y12, TH, ECG, echo | – | Yes |
Rat | ||||||||||||
Zhang et al. | 2007 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Unclear/0 | – | NR | – | A-317491, P2X3, behavior | – | Yes |
Li et al. | 2010 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | A-317491, P2X2, P2X3, TH, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration | – | Yes |
Li et al. | 2011 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Oximatrine, NE, P2X3, blood pressure, heart rate | – | Yes |
Liu et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | 64 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | NR | – | NR | – | OxATP, TNFα, IL-6, CK-MB, CK, LDH, cardiac troponin I, glutamine synthetase, ERK, TH, substance P, neuronal nuclei, ECG (Q wave), blood pressure, heart rate | – | Yes |
Kong et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | 56 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 56/0 | – | NR | – | BBG, P2X7, (p-)ERK1/2 | – | Yes |
Liu et al. | 2014 | Postnatal | 30 | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Puerarin, P2X3, TH, blood pressure, heart rate | – | Yes |
Na et al. | 2014 | Postnatal | 30 | Sprague–Dawley | Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension with left SCG block | 30/0 | – | No, only left | – | Nitrite, superoxide dismutase, RV systolic pressure, RV/LV mass ratio, heart rate variability | – | Yes |
Zhang et al. | 2015 | Postnatal | 25 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 25/0 | – | NR | – | Baicalin, P2X3, CK-MB, cardiac troponin T, epinephrine, ATP, cardiac hypertrophy, Q wave (ECG), blood pressure, heart rate, | – | Yes |
Tu et al. | 2016 | Postnatal | 56 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | NONRATT021972 siRNA, baicalin, P2X7, GAP43, TH, ECG (Q wave), blood pressure, heart rate | – | Yes |
Wu et al. | 2016 | Postnatal | 24 | Sprague–Dawley | Diabetes mellitus | 24/0 | – | NR | – | Uc.48 + siRNA, P2X2, P2X3, P2X5, P2X7, (p-)ERK1/2 | – | Yes |
Xu et al. | 2016 | Postnatal | 24 | Sprague–Dawley | Diabetes mellitus | 24/0 | – | NR | – | NONRATT021972 siRNA, TNFα, insulin receptor substrate 1, neuronal nuclei, heart rate variability | – | Yes |
Zou et al. | 2017 | Postnatal | 40 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | NR | – | NR | – | P2Y12 shRNA, P2Y12, GFAP, TNFα, (p-)P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, myocardial fiber structure, blood pressure, heart rate | – | Yes |
Liu et al. | 2018 | Postnatal | 40 | Sprague–Dawley | Β-aminopropionitrile-induced aortic dissection with SCG removal | 40/0 | – | Yes, bilateral | –* | Matrix metalloproteinase-9, aortic wall thickening, heart rate, aortic dissection incidence | – | Yes |
Yu et al.* | 2018 | Postnatal | 24 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 24/0 | – | NR | – | Oxytonergic receptor, TH | – | Yes |
Shi et al. | 2019 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | Unclear/0 | – | NR | – | TH, GAD65/67, GABAARβ2, P2X7, intracellular Ca2+, NE, renal sympathetic nerve activity | – | Yes |
Prado et al. | 2020 | Postnatal | Unclear | Wistar | MI with reperfusion with SCG removal (Langendorff-setting) | Unclear/0 | – | Yes, bilateral | –* | Melatonin receptor, SERCA2A, K-ATP channels, connexin-43, TNFα, nitrotyrosine, TGFβ, vimentin, ECG (ventricular arrhythmias, QRS, QT, QTc, PR), epicardial action potential, early after depolarizations, heart rate | – | Yes |
Zhang et al. | 2020 | Postnatal | 104 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 104/0 | – | NR | – | SCG10 (marker for axonal regeneration), TH | – | Yes |
Zou | 2022 | Postnatal | 72 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 72/0 | – | NR | – | Uc.48 + lncRNA/shRNA, clopidogrel, heart rate, blood pressure | – | Yes |
Zhang | 2023 | Postnatal | 40 | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 40/0 | – | NR | – | P2X7, GS, ECG, sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), blood pressure | – | Yes |
Mouse | ||||||||||||
Ziegler et al. | 2018 | Postnatal | 22 | C57BL6/N | LAD occlusion-induced MI with SCG removal | 22/0 | – | Yes, bilateral | –* | Sirius Red, high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, pro-NGF, TH, CD68, Cx3cr1, TNFα, cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiac function | – | Yes |
Ge et al. | 2022 | Postnatal | 20 | C57BL/6 J | LAD occlusion-induced MI | 20/0 | – | Yes | No | NGF, BDNF, GAP43, TrK, TH, CHAT, neuron size, beta-III-tubulin | – | Yes |
Dogs (n = 1)
Rabbits (n = 2)
Rats (n = 21)
Mice (n = 2)
Summary
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Functional in vivo evidence indicates that the SCG indirectly contributes to cardiac innervation and could be attributed to involvement in sympathetic overdrive reactions in response to cardiac diseases. Most data are derived from studies in disease models. A study performed in dogs failed to demonstrate a direct contribution.
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Information on the relevance of SCG sidedness is largely unavailable.
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The female sex is highly underrepresented in functional in vivo studies, and no information on the relevance of sex exists.
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All studies were performed in the postnatal stage. No functional in vivo studies were found in the prenatal stage.
Functional in vitro evidence of SCG-cardiac innervation per species
Functional—in vitro studies | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author | Year | Prenatal/postnatal/mixed | N* | Strain/breed | Condition | Sex (M/F) | Relevance sex | Both sides SCG included | Relevance sidedness | Evaluation methods | Substances of interest | Experimental setting | Any direct involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found | Any indirect involvement of SCG in cardiac innervation found | |
Rabbit | |||||||||||||||
Cheng et al. | 2018 | Postnatal | 70 | NR | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Fluvastatin | Damage to the myocardium, isolated SCG neurons studied | – | Yes | |
Cheng et al. | 2023 | Postnatal | NR | NR | Isoproterenol-induced MI | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | P2Y12 | Damage to the myocardium, isolated SCG neurons studied | – | Yes | |
Rat | |||||||||||||||
Furshpan et al. | 1976 | Postnatal | 180 | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Atropine, propranolol, hexamethonium | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Landis | 1976 | Postnatal | NR | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electron microscopy | – | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Chun and Patterson | 1977 | Postnatal | NR | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy, isotopic assay | NGF | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
King et al. | 1978 | Postnatal | NR | Wistar | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Optical recordings | Tyramine, norepinephrine | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Schwab et al. | 1981 | Postnatal | Unclear | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy | Lectins, toxins, HCM | Culture of SCG neurons with HCM | – | Yes* | |
De Ridder and De Potter | 1983 | Prenatal | NR | Sprague–Dawley | Healthy | NR | – | Yes | NR | Electron/phase-contrast/fluorescence microscopy | – | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Kessler et al. | 1984 | Postnatal | 8 | Sprague–Dawley | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy, radioimmunoassay, HPLC | Substance P | Co-culture | – | No | |
Lahtinen et al. | 1986 | Mixed | NR | Sprague–Dawley | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | NGF | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Furshpan et al. (1) | 1986 | Postnatal | NR | Albino | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings, electron microscopy | Acetylcholine, adenosine, alprenolol, atenolol, atropine, hexamethonium, methylxanthines, norepinephrine, phentolamine, propanolol, reserpine, sotalol | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Furshpan et al. (2) | 1986 | Postnatal | NR | Albino | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Acetylcholine, adenosine, atenolol, atropine, methylxanthines, norepinephrine, phentolamine, | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Potter et al. | 1986 | Postnatal | NR | Albino | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings, electron microscopy | Acetylcholine, adenosine, alprenolol, atenolol, atropine, hexamethonium, methylxanthines, norepinephrine, phentolamine, propanolol, reserpine, sotalol, HCM, HCM factor | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Matsumoto et al. | 1987 | Postnatal | NR | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Acetylcholine, adenosine, atenolol, atropine, hexamethonium, serotonin–creatinine sulfate, gramine, methylxanthines, methysergide, phentolamine, Peptide YY, reserpine, somatostatin, substance P, neurotensin, VIP | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Conforti et al. | 1991 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Nifedipine | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Kannan et al. | 1994 | Postnatal | NR | Wistar | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | NGF | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Lockhart et al. | 1997 | Postnatal | 221 | Simonson White | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings, phase-contrast/fluorescence microscopy, RT-PCR | NGF, norepinephrine, TrkA | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Ulupinar et al. | 1998 | Mixed | 10 | Sprague–Dawley | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy, DiI-labeling | - | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Hasan | 2006 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | Female | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | NGF | Co-Culture | – | Yes | |
Li et al. | 2010 | Postnatal | 18 | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | ATP, A-317491 | Damage to the myocardium, isolated SCG neurons studied | – | Yes | |
Miwa et al. | 2010 | Postnatal | Unclear | Wistar | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electron/fluorescence microscopy | NGF, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, Sema3A | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Takeuchi et al. | 2011 | Postnatal | Unclear | Wistar | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Propanolol | Co-culture | – | Yes* | |
Kong et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | Unclear | Sprague–Dawley | LAD occlusion-induced MI | Male | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | P2X7, BzATP, BBG, GF109203X | Damage to the myocardium, isolated SCG neurons studied | – | Yes | |
Miwa et al. | 2013 | Postnatal | 91 | Wistar | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings, electron/fluorescence microscopy | NGF, GDNF, synapsin-1 | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Liu et al. | 2014 | Postnatal | NR | Sprague–Dawley | Isoproterenol-induced MI | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | – | Electrophysiological recordings | Puerarin, A-317491 | Damage to the myocardium, isolated SCG neurons studied | – | Yes | |
Mouse | |||||||||||||||
Coughlin et al. | 1981 | Prenatal | Unclear | CD-1 | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy, biochemistry | HCM factor, TH, CHAT, NGF | Culture of whole SCG with HCM factor | – | Yes* | |
Coughlin and Kessler | 1982 | Prenatal | NR | CD-1 | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Chromatography, electrophoresis | NGF, HCM factor | Culture of whole SCG with HCM factor | – | Yes | |
Rawdon and Dockray | 1983 | Postnatal | Unclear | Piebald-lethal | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | – | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Uchida and Tomonaga | 1985 | Mixed | NR | C57BL/6 | Healthy | Male | NR | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | NGF, HCM | Culture of SCG neurons with HCM | – | Yes | |
Rawdon | 1991 | Mixed | 24 | Swiss Webster | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Phase-contrast microscopy | NGF | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Shcherbakova et al. | 2007 | Postnatal | NR | NR | Healthy | NR | – | NR | – | Fluorescence microscopy, optical recordings | Cadherins, catenins, SAP97, AKAP79, b1Ars, caveolin-3, b2Ars, norepinephrine, epinephrine | Co-culture | – | Yes | |
Ge et al. | 2020 | Mixed | 81 | C57BL/6 J | Healthy | Either sex, number NR | NR | NR | NR | Fluorescence microscopy, PCR, western blot | β3-Tubulin, NGF | Co-culture | – | Yes |
Rabbit (n = 2)
Rat (n = 23)
Mice (n = 7)
Summary
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Functional in vitro evidence indicates that the SCG indirectly contributes to cardiac innervation by its response to NGF produced by cardiomyocytes.
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Information on the relevance of SCG sidedness is unavailable in in vitro studies.
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No conclusion can be drawn with regard to sex differences as the sex is generally not reported.
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Experiments were heterogeneous in age and culture settings and were predominantly performed in postnatal tissues from the neonatal stage.