nach oben

Erschienen in:

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Therapie

verfasst von : Prof. Dr. med. R. Lobmann, Prof. Dr. med. A. Eckardt, Dr. med. H.-D. Hoppe, PD Dr. med. A. Neufang, Dr. med. S. Schadmand-Fischer, Prof. Dr. med. F. Birklein, Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. Ambrosch, Dr. med. J. Kopp, Prof. Dr. med. R.E. Horch

Erschienen in: Der diabetische Fuß

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Zusammenfassung

Die Therapie des diabetischen Fußes kann nur interdisziplinär und fachübergreifend gelingen. Im Rahmen der konservativen Therapie stellt das TIME-Konzept ein erfolgreiches Modell dar. Neben der konservativen Lokaltherapie und Wundbehandlung und der sachgerechten Infektionstherapie kommt der Optimierung der Gefäßsituation und somit der Sauerstoff- und Nährstoffversorgung im Wundareal ein besonderer Stellenwert zu. Die Gefäßrekonstruktion erfolgt idealerweise minimal-invasiv radiologisch interventionell oder bei ausgeprägten Befunden durch entsprechende gefäßchirurgische Maßnahmen. Bei Notwendigkeit einer Amputation sollte eine Minor- (unterhalb des Knöchels) oder auch Syme-Amputation angestrebt werden, um eine möglichst große Mobilität des Patienten zu erhalten. Sofern nötig müssen selbstverständlich auch Major-Amputationen durchgeführt werden. Bei größeren und komplizierten Gewebsdefekten ist zusätzlich die Expertise des plastisch-rekonstruktiv tätigen Chirurgen gefragt.

Ambrosch A, Haefner S, Jude E, Lobmann R (2011) Diabeticfoot infections: microbiological aspects, current andfuture antibiotic therapy focusing on methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Intern Wound J 8: 567–77CrossRef

Apelqvist J, Bakker K, Van Houtum WH, Schaper NC (2008) Practical guidelines on the management and preventionof the diabetic foot: based upon the International Consensuson the Diabetic Foot (2007) Prepared by the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot DiabetesMetab Res Rev 24 (Suppl 1):S181–7

Apelqvist J (2012) Diagnostics and treatment of the diabeticfoot. Endocrine 41: 384–397CrossRef

Beer HD, Longaker MT, Werner S (1997) Reduced expression ofPDGF and PDGF receptors during impaired wound healing.J Invest Dermatol 109: 132–138CrossRef

Brem H, Sheehan P, Boulton AJ (2004) Protocol for treatmentof diabetic foot ulcers. Am J Surg 187: 1S–10SPubMedCrossRef

Buchberger B, Follmann M, Freyer D, Huppertz H, Ehm A, Wasem J (2011) The evidence for the use of growthfactors and active skin substitutes for the treatment ofnon-infected diabetic foot ulcers (DFU): a health technology assessment (HTA). Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 119:472–9

Bus SA (2012) Priorities in offloading the diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 28 (Suppl): 1: 54–9

Chin GS, Thigpin TG, Perrin KJ, Moldawer LL, Schultz GS (2003) Treatment of chronic ulcers in diabetic patients with atopical metalloproteinase inhibitor, Doxycycline.Wounds 15: 315–323

Clemens MW, Attinger CE (2008) Biological basis of diabeticfoot wounds. Surg Technol Int 17: 89–95PubMed

Cullen B, Smith R, McCulloch E, Silcock D, Morrison L (2002) Mechanism of action of PROMOGRAN, a protease modulatingmatrix, for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Wound Repair Regen 10: 16–25PubMedCrossRef

Cunha BA (2000) Antibiotic selection for diabetic foot infections:a review. J Foot Ankle Surg 39: 253–257CrossRef

Curran MP, Plosker GL (2002) Bilayered bioengineered skinsubstitute (Apligraf ): a review of its use in the treatmentof venous leg ulcers and diabetic foot ulcers. Bio Drugs16: 439–455

Davidson JM, Broadley KN, Quaglino D (1997) Reversal of thewound healing deficit in diabetic rats by recombinedbasic fibroblast growth factor and transforming growthfactor-b1 therapy. Wound.Repair Regen 5: 7–7

Frykberg R (1998) Diabetic foot ulcers: current concepts.J Foot Ankle Surg 37: 440–446

Futrega K, King M, Lott WB, Doran MR (2014) Treating the wholenot the hole: necessary coupling of technologies fordiabetic foot ulcer treatment. Trends Mol Med. 20: 137–42PubMedCrossRef

Game FL (2013) Osteomyelitis in the diabetic foot: diagnosisand management. Med Clin North Am. 97: 947–56PubMedCrossRef

Hogge J, Krasner D, Nguyen H, Harkless LB, Armstrong DG (2000) The potential benefits of advanced therapeuticmodalities in the treatment of diabetic foot wounds.J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 90: 57–65PubMedCrossRef

Knighton DR, Ciresi K, Fiegel VD, Austin LL, Butler E (1986) Classification and treatment of chronic, non-healingwounds: successful treatment with autologous platelatderivedwound healing factors (PDWHF). Ann Surg 204:322–330PubMedCentralCrossRef

Lamparter S, Slight SH, Weber KT (2002) Doxycycline andtissue repair in rats. J Lab Clin Med 139: 295–302PubMedCrossRef

Lateef H, Stevens MJ, Varani J (2004) All-trans-retinoic acidsuppresses matrix metalloproteases activity and increasescollagensynthesis in diabetic human skin in organculture. Am J Pathol 165: 167–174PubMedCentralCrossRef

Lipsky BA (2004) A report from the international consensuson diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 20 (Suppl 1): S68–S77

Lobmann R (1999) Konservative Therapie des diabetischenFuses aus internistischer Sicht. Diab & Stoffw 8 (Suppl. 5):9–11

Lobmann R, Pittasch D, Muhlen I, Lehnert H (2003) Autologoushuman keratinocytes cultured on membranescomposed of benzyl ester of hyaluronic acid for graftingin nonhealing diabetic foot lesions: a pilot study. Diabetes Complications 17: 199–204CrossRef

Lobmann R, Achwerdov O, Brunk-Loch S, Engels G, Trocha A, Groene C, Kersken J for the quality management representativesof the working group diabetic foot of theGerman Diabetes Society (2014) The diabetic foot in Germany 2005-2012: Analysis of quality in specializeddiabetic foot care centers. Wound Medicine 4: 27–29

Moustafa M, Simpson C, Glover M et al. (2004) A new autologouskeratinocyte dressing treatment for non-healingdiabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabet Med 21: 786–789CrossRef

Peters EJ, Lipsky BA (2013) Diagnosis and management ofinfection in the diabetic foot. Med Clin North Am 97:911–46PubMedCrossRef

Plummer ES, Albert SG (2008) Diabetic foot management inthe elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 24:551–67CrossRef

Puolakkainen PA, Twardzik DR, Ranchalis JE, Pankey SC, ReedMJ, Gombotz WR (1995) The enhancement in woundhealing by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) depends on the topical delivery system. J Surg Res 58: 321–329PubMedCrossRef

Robson MC, Phillips LG, Thomason A, Robson LE, Pierce GF (1992) Platelet-derived growth factor BB for the treatmentof chronic ulcers. Lancet 339:23–25

Robbins JM (2003) Treatment of onychomycosis in thediabetic patient population. J Diabetes Complications17: 98–104

Schaper NC, Apelqvist J, Bakker K (2003) The internationalconsensus and practical guidelines on the managementand prevention of the diabetic foot. Curr Diab Rep 3:475–479CrossRef

Schultz GS, Sibbald RG, Falanga V et al. (2003) Wound bedpreparation: a systematic approach to wound management. Wound Repair Regen 11: S1–S28CrossRef

Shanahan DR (2013) The Explorer study: the first double-blindRCT to assess the efficacy of TLC-NOSF on DFUs. J WoundCare 22(2):78–82

Smiell J, Wieman TJ, Steed DL et al. (1999) Efficacy and safetyof becaplermin (recombinant human platelet-derivedgrowth factor-BB) in patients with non-healing, lowerextremity diabetic ulcers: a combined analysis of four randomized studies. Wound Repair Regen 7: 335–346

Stark GB, Kaiser HW, Horch R, Kopp J, Spilker G (1995) Culturedautologous keratinocytes suspended in fibrin glue(KFGS) with allogenic overgraft for definitive burn woundcoverage. Europ J Plast Surg 18: 267–271CrossRef

Steed DL, Donohoe D, Webster MW, Lindsley L (1996) Effect ofextensive debridement and treatment on the healing ofdiabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study Group.J Am Coll Surg 183: 61–64

Varani J, Perone P, Merfert MG et al. (2002) All-trans retinoicacid improves structure and function of diabetic rat skinin organ culture. Diabetes 51: 3510–3516CrossRef

Veves A, Sheehan P, Pham HT (2002) A randomized, controlledtrial of promogran (a collagen/oxidized regeneratedcellulose dressing) vs standard treatment in the managementof diabetic foot ulcers. Arch Surg 137: 822–827CrossRef

Wozniak G, Noll T, Dapper F, Piper HM, Hehrlein FW (1998) Thefibrin-stabilizing factor as a topical means for leg ulcerhealing: biochemical and experimental properties andclinical results. Intern J Angiol 7: 109–114CrossRef

Abatangelo G, Brun P, Cortivo R (1994) Hyaluronan (HyaluronicAcid): An overview. In: Williams DF (ed) Novel biomaterialsbased on hyaluronic acid and its derivatives,10.09.1994. Pisa (Proceedings of a Workshop held at the

Annual Meeting of the European Society for Biomaterials),S. 8–18

Ambrosch A, Lehnert H, Lobmann R (2003) MikrobiologischeAspekte und rationelle antibiotische Therapie des diabetischenFussyndroms. Medizinische Klinik 98 (5):259–265CrossRef

Anonymus (2003) Chronisch stagnierende Wunden: Aus derFlaute - volle Fahrt in Richtung Heilungserfolg. Zeitschriftfur Wundheilung 8: 148–152

Arenberger P, Engels P, Arenbergerova M, Gkalpakiotis S, Martinez FJGL, Anaya AV, Fernande, LJ (2011) Clinicalresults of the application of a hemoglobin spray to promotehealing of chronic wounds. GMS KrankenhaushygieneInterdisziplinar 6 (1): 1–9

Barnikol WKR, Potzschke H (2011) Complete healing of chronicwounds of a lower leg with haemoglobin spray andregeneration of an accompanying severe dermatoliposclerosiswith intermittent normobaric oxygen inhalation (INBOI): a case report. German medical science:GMS e-journal 9

Below H, Brauer VFH, Kramer A (2007) Iodresorption beiantiseptischer Anwendung von Iodophoren und Schlussfolgerungenzur Risikobewertung. GMS KrankenhaushygieneInterdisziplinar 2 (2): 1–11

Benedetti L, Bellini D, Renier D, O’Regan M (1994) Chemicalmodification of hyaluronan. In: Williams DF (ed): Novelbiomaterials based on hyaluronic acid and its derivatives,10.09.1994. Pisa (Proceedings of a Workshop held at the Annual Meeting of the European Society for Biomaterials),S. 20–29

Bonn D (2000) Maggot therapy: an alternative for woundinfection. The Lancet 356 (9236): 117–4

Bradley M, Cullum N, Sheldon T (1999) The debridement ofchronic wounds: a systematic review. Health TechnolAssess 3 (17 Pt 1): iii-iv, 1–78

Briggs M, Torra i. Bou JE (2002) Schmerzen beim Wundverbandwechsel:Ein Behandlungsleitfaden. PositionsdokumentEWMA. LondonChen WY, Abatangelo G (1999) Functions of hyaluronan inwound repair. Wound Repair Regen 7 (2): 79–89

Cochrane CA, Walker M, Bowler PG (2004) Effect of a silvercontainingHydrofiber dressing on matrix metalloproteinaseand elastase activity. 17th Annual Symposium onAdvanced Wound Care & 14th Medical Research Forumon Wound Repair.Abstract Review. Ostomy/WoundManagement 50: 85

Davis P, Wood L, Wood Z, Eaton A, Wilkins J (2009) Clinicalexperience with a glucose oxidase-containing dressing onrecalcitrant wounds. J Wound Care 18 (3): 114, 116–121

Dissemond J, Gerber V, Kramer A, Riepe G, Strohal R, Vasel-Biergans A, Eberlein T (2009) Praxisorientierte Expertenempfehlungzur Behandlung kritisch kolonisierter undlokal infizierter Wunden mit Polihexanid. GMS KrankenhaushygieneInterdisziplinar 4 (2)

Edwards R, Harding KG (2004) Bacteria and wound healing. Curr Opin Infect Dis 17 (2): 91–96CrossRef

Eisenbeis W (2007) Stellenwert und Vorgehensweise deschirurgischen Debridements. GMS KrankenhaushygieneInterdisziplinar 2 (2): 1–3

Enoch S, Harding K (2003) Wound Bed Preparation: TheScience Behind the Removal of Barriers to Healing[Part 1]. Wounds 15 (7): 213–229

Fleischmann W, Russ M, Westhauser A, Stampehl M (1998) DieVakuumversiegelung als Tragersystem fur eine gezieltelokale Medikamentenapplikation bei Wundinfektionen.Der Unfallchirurg 101 (8): 649–654CrossRef

Fleischmann W, Grassberger M (2002) Erfolgreiche Wundheilungdurch Maden-Therapie. Biochirurgie: die wiederentdeckte Behandlungsmethode bei diabetischemFuss und anderen schlecht heilenden Wunden.Trias, Stuttgart

Gottrup F (2002) Wound debridement. In: Wound HealingInstitute (ed) The Oxford European wound healing coursehandbook. Positif, Oxford, pp 116–120

Gregory SJ, Cullen B (2002) A comparison of Promogran(Orc/Collagen) and other polymers to modify the chronicwound environment. Posterabstract 11. Zeitschrift furWundheilung 7: 116–117

Hallern B v, Lang F (2010) Hat sich Cutisorb Sorbact als bakteriellerVerband in der Praxis bewahrt? Medizin & Praxis50–54

Hirsch T, Koerber A, Jacobsen F et al. (2010) Evaluation of ToxicSide Effects of Clinically Used Skin Antiseptics In Vitro.Journal of Surgical Research 164 (2): 344–350CrossRef

Hoppe H-D (2012) Bakterielle Biofilme. Teil 1: Vorkommen, Entstehung und Mechanismen. WundManagement 6 (5):198–200

Hoppe H-D, Gerber V (2010) Belage auf chronischen Wunden- Fibrin, Nekrosen, Biofilm. Medizin & Praxis, S. 28–32

Hoppe H-D, Lobmann R (2008) Hyaluronsaure - Ihre Bedeutungfur die Wundheilung. Medizin & Praxis, S. 77–82

Kramer A (2008) Wundantiseptik. Die infizierte Problemwunde.Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Krankenhaushygiene(DGKH). Berlin, 21.0–4.2008

Kramer A, Daeschlein G, Kammerlander G, et al. (2004) KonsensusempfehlungWundantiseptik. Zeitschrift fur Wundheilung9: 110–120

Kramer A, Zastrow K-D (2008) Wundantiseptik. Hygiene-Tippder DGKH. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Krankenhaushygiene(DGKH). Online verfugbar unter http://www.dgkh.de/informationen/hygiene-tipp/hygienetipp2008/174, zuletzt gepruft am 23.0–1.2013

Kranke P, Bennett MH, Martyn-St James M et al. (2012) Hyperbaricoxygen therapy for chronic wounds. The CochraneLibrary (CD004123)

Kroger K, Dissemond J, Storck M, Risse A, Engels P (2012) Chronische Wunden: Die Hypoxie verhindert die Heilung.WundManagement 6 (5): 212–217

Lafferty B, Wood L, Davis P (2011) Improved care andreduced costs with advanced wound dressings. Wounds 7 (14-23)

Ljungh A, Wadstrom T (2010) Wirkstofffreie, antibakteriellwirkende Wundauflagen - eine Alternative zur Sanierunginfizierter Wunden? Medizin & Praxis, S. 47–49

Lobmann R (1999) Konservative Therapie des diabetischenFuses aus internistischer Sicht. Diabetes und Stoffwechsel8: 9–11

Lobmann R, Schultz G, Lehnert H (2003) Molekulare Grundlagen der Wundheilung bei diabetischem Fussyndrom.Med Klin 98: 292–301

Londahl M, Katzman P, Nilsson A, Hammarlund C (2010) Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Facilitates Healing ofChronic Foot Ulcers in Patients With Diabetes. DiabetesCare 33 (5): 998–1003

Mast BA, Schultz GS (1996) Interactions of cytokines, growthfactors, and proteases in acute and chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen 4 (4): 411–420CrossRef

Moch D, Fleischmann W, Russ M (1999) Das BMW-Konzeptbeim diabetischen Fus. Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie 124(Suppl 1): 69–72PubMed

Muller G, Winkle, Y, Kramer A (2003) Antibacterial activity andendotoxin-binding capacity of Actisorb Silver 220. J HospInfect 53 (3): 211–214

Phillips PL, Wolcott RD, Fletcher J, Schultz GS (2010) Biofilme.Einfach erklart. Wounds International 3 (1): 1-6. Onlineverfugbar unter http://www.woundsinternational.com/pdf/content_9607.pdf, zuletzt gepruft am 23.01.2013

Piaggesi A, Schipani E, Campi F, Romanelli M, Baccetti F, ArviaC, Navalesi R (1998) Conservative surgical approachversus non-surgical management for diabetic neuropathicfoot ulcers: a randomized trial. Diabet Med 15 (5): 412–417CrossRef

Reike H (1999) Infektionen beim diabetischen Fussyndrom.In: Reike H (Hrsg.) Diabetisches Fuss-Syndrom. Diagnostikund Therapie der Grunderkrankungen und Komplikationen.Walter de Gruyter, Berlin New York, S. 95–119

Schultz GS, Sibbald RG, Falanga V, Ayello EA, Dowsett C, Harding K et al. (2003) Wound bed preparation: a system atic approach to wound management. Wound RepairRegen 11 Suppl 1: 1–28

Schwarzkopf A (2002) Die Mikrobiologie der Wunde.Zeitschrift fur Wundheilung (2): 214–216

Schwarzkopf A (2003) Betrachtungen zur Hygiene bei derWundversorgung. Zeitschrift fur Wundheilung 8 (3):82–84

Schwarzkopf A, Assenheimer, B, Bultemann, A, Gerber, V, Hoppe, H.-D, Kroger, K. (2012) Hygienefachliche und-rechtliche Bewertung der Anwendung von Leitungswasserals Wundspullosung. WundManagement 6 (5):195–197.

Seiler WO, Stahelin HB (1993) Dekubitus. In: Sedlarik KM(Hrsg.) Wundheilung. 2. Aufl. Gustav Fischer, Jena Stuttgart, S. 192–212

Stadler R, Wallenfang K (2002) Anwendungsbeobachtung deraktivkohlehaltigen Wundauflage Actisorb bei 12.444 Patienten mit chronischen Wunden. Aktuelle Dermatologie28: 351–354

Steed D. L, Donohoe D, Webster MW, Lindsley L (1996) Effectof extensive debridement and treatment on the healingof diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Ulcer Study Group.J Am Coll Surg 183 (1): 61–64

Thomas S, Andrews AM, Hay NP, Bourgoise S (1999) Theanti-microbial activity of maggot secretions: results of apreliminary study. J Tissue Viability 9 (4): 127–132CrossRef

Wright JB, Lam K, Burrell RE (1998) Wound management in anera of increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance: a role fortopical silver treatment. IAm J Infect Control 26 (6):572–577

Wright B, Lam K, Hansen D, Burrell RE (1999) Efficacy of topicalsilver against fungal burn wound pathogens. Am J InfectControl 27 (4): 344–350

Young MJ (1993) The use of alginates in the management ofexsudating, infected wounds: case studies. DermatolNurs 5 (5): 359-63, 356

Abou-Zamzam AM, Jr., Moneta GL, Lee RW, Nehler MR, TaylorLM, Jr., Porter JM (1996) Peroneal bypass is equivalent toinframalleolar bypass for ischemic pedal gangrene. Arch Surg 131: 894-8; discussion 898–9CrossRef

Albers M, Romiti M, Brochado-Neto FC, De Luccia N, PereiraCA (2006) Meta-analysis of popliteal-to-distal vein bypassgrafts for critical ischemia. J Vasc Surg 43: 498–503PubMedCrossRef

Alexander J, Gutierrez C, Katz S (2002) Non-greater saphenousvein grafting for infrageniculate bypass. Am Surg 68:611–4PubMed

Arroyo CI, Tritto VG, Buchbinder D, Melick CF, Kelton RA, RussoJM, Ritter WA, Kassaris CP, Presti MS (2002) Optimal waitingperiod for foot salvage surgery following limb revascularization.J Foot Ankle Surg 41: 228–32PubMedCrossRef

Ascer E, Gennaro M, Pollina RM, Ivanov M, Yorkovich WR, Ivanov M, Lorensen E (1996) Complementary distal arteriovenous fistula and deep vein interposition: a five-yearexperience with a new technique to improve infrapoplitealprosthetic bypass patency. J Vasc Surg 24: 134–43PubMedCrossRef

Ascer E, Veith FJ, Gupta SK (1988) Bypasses to plantar arteriesand other tibial branches: an extended approach to limbsalvage. J Vasc Surg 8: 434–41PubMedCrossRef

Ascer E, Veith FJ, Gupta SK, White SA, Bakal CW, Wengerter K, Sprayregen S (1988) Short vein grafts: a superior optionfor arterial reconstructions to poor or compromisedoutflow tracts? J Vasc Surg 7: 370–8PubMedCrossRef

Belch JJ, Dormandy J, Biasi GM, Cairols M, Diehm C, EikelboomB, Golledge J, Jawien A, Lepantalo M, Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Becquemin JP, Bergqvist D, Clement D, Baumgartner I, Minar E, Stonebridge P, Vermassen F, Matyas L, LeizoroviczA (2010) Results of the randomized, placebo-controlled clopidogrel and acetylsalicylic acid in bypasssurgery for peripheral arterial disease (CASPAR) trial.J Vasc Surg 52: 825-33, 833 e1–2

Bergamini TM, George SM, Jr., Massey HT, Henke PK, KlamerTW, Lambert GE, Miller FB, Garrison RN, Richardson JD (1995) Intensive surveillance of femoropopliteal-tibialautogenous vein bypasses improves long-term graft patency and limb salvage. Ann Surg 221: 507–15

Berlakovich GA, Herbst F, Mittlbock M, Kretschmer G (1994) The choice of material for above-knee femoropoplitealbypass. A 20-year experience. Arch Surg 129: 297–302PubMedCrossRef

Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, Forbes JF, Fowkes FG, GillespieI, Ruckley CV, Raab GM (2010) Bypass versus Angioplastyin Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: Analysis ofamputation free and overall survival by treatmentreceived. J Vasc Surg 51: 18S–31SPubMed

Brochado-Neto FC, Cury MV, Bonadiman SS, Matielo MF, TiossiSR, Godoy MR, Nakano K, Sacilotto R (2012) Vein bypassesto branches of pedal arteries. J Vasc Surg 55: 746–52PubMedCrossRef

Brochado-Neto FC, Cury MV, Bonadiman SS, Matielo MF, TiossiSR, Godoy MR, et al. (2012) Vein bypasses to branches ofpedal arteries. J Vasc Surg 55:746–752CrossRef

Brothers TE, Robison JG, Elliott BM, Arens C (1995) Is infrapoplitealbypass compromised by distal origin of theproximal anastomosis? Ann Vasc Surg 9: 172–8PubMedCrossRef

Browning N, Zammit M, Rodriguez D, Sauvage L, LoudenbackD, Raghavan A (2000) Use of arm veins for lower extremityarterial bypass - results, anatomical features andtechnical considerations. S Afr J Surg 38: 36–41PubMed

Calligaro KD, Syrek JR, Dougherty MJ, Rua I, Raviola CA, DeLaurentisDA (1997) Use of arm and lesser saphenous veincompared with prosthetic grafts for infrapopliteal arterialbypass: are they worth the effort? J Vasc Surg 26: 919–24CrossRef

Carpenter JP, Owen RS, Baum RA, Cope C, Barker CF, BerkowitzHD, Golden MA, Perloff LJ (1992) Magnetic resonanceangiography of peripheral runoff vessels. J Vasc Surg 16:807–13

Chang JB, Stein TA (1995) The long-term value of compositegrafts for limb salvage. J Vasc Surg 22: 25–31PubMedCrossRef

Chew DK, Conte MS, Donaldson MC, Whittemore AD, MannickJA, Belkin M (2001) Autogenous composite vein bypassgraft for infrainguinal arterial reconstruction. J Vasc Surg33: 259–64

Chew DK, Owens CD, Belkin M, Donaldson MC, WhittemoreAD, Mannick JA, Conte MS (2002) Bypass in the absence of ipsilateral greater saphenous vein: safety and superiorityof the contralateral greater saphenous vein. J Vasc Surg 35: 1085–92

Connors JP, Walsh DB, Nelson PR, Powell RJ, Fillinger MF, ZwolakRM, Cronenwett JL (2000) Pedal branch artery bypass:a viable limb salvage option. J Vasc Surg 32: 1071–9PubMedCrossRef

Dardik H, Silvestri F, Alasio T, Berry S, Kahn M, Ibrahim IM, Sussman B, Wolodiger F (1996) Improved method tocreate the common ostium variant of the distal arteriovenousfistula for enhancing crural prosthetic graftpatency. J Vasc Surg 24: 240–8PubMedCrossRef

Deutsch M, Meinhart J, Howanietz N, Froschl A, Heine B, MoidlR, Mendel H, Sisel A, Stumpflen A, Zilla P (2001) Thebridge graft: a new concept for infrapopliteal surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 21: 508–12PubMedCrossRef

Diehm N, Savolainen H, Mahler F, Schmidli J, Do DD, Baumgartner I (2004) Does deep femoral artery revascularizationas an isolated procedure play a role in chroniccritical limb ischemia? J Endovasc Ther 11: 119–24PubMed

Donaldson MC, Whittemore AD, Mannick JA (1993) Furtherexperience with an all-autogenous tissue policy forinfrainguinal reconstruction. J Vasc Surg 18: 41–8PubMedCrossRef

Dorweiler B, Neufang A, Kreitner KF, Schmiedt W, Oelert H (2002) Magnetic resonance angiography unmasks reliabletarget vessels for pedal bypass grafting in patientswith diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 35: 766–72PubMedCrossRef

Eikelboom BC (2000) Efficacy of oral anticoagulants comparedwith aspirin after infrainguinal bypass surgery (The DutchBypass Oral Anticoagulants or Aspirin Study): a randomisedtrial. Lancet 355: 346–51

Faries PL, Arora S, Pomposelli FB, Jr., Pulling MC, Smakowski P, Rohan DI, Gibbons GW, Akbari CM, Campbell DR, LoGerfoFW (2000) The use of arm vein in lower-extremity revascularization:results of 520 procedures performed in eightyears. J Vasc Surg 31: 50–9PubMed

Faries PL, Logerfo FW, Arora S, Hook S, Pulling MC, Akbari CM, Campbell DR, Pomposelli FB, Jr. (2000) A comparativestudy of alternative conduits for lower extremity revascularization:all-autogenous conduit versus prosthetic grafts. J Vasc Surg 32: 1080–90

Faries PL, Logerfo FW, Arora S, Pulling MC, Rohan DI, AkbariCM, Campbell DR, Gibbons GW, Pomposelli FB, Jr. (2000) Arm vein conduit is superior to composite prostheticautogenousgrafts in lower extremity revascularization. J Vasc Surg 31: 1119–27

Ferris BL, Mills JL, Sr., Hughes JD, Durrani T, Knox R (2003) Is early postoperative duplex scan surveillance of legbypass grafts clinically important? J Vasc Surg 37:495–500PubMedCrossRef

Friedman SG, Safa TK (2002) Pedal branch arterial bypass forlimb salvage. Am Surg 68: 446–8PubMed

Harris HW, Rapp JH, Reilly LM, Orlando PA, Krupski WC, GoldstoneJ (1989) Saphenous vein bypass to pedal arteries. An aggressive strategy for foot salvage. Arch Surg 124:1232–5CrossRef

Harris PL, Bakran A, Enabi L, Nott DM (1993) ePTFE grafts forfemoro-crural bypass - improved results with combinedadjuvant venous cuff and arteriovenous fistula?Eur J Vasc Surg 7: 528–33PubMedCrossRef

Hegde UN, Khanapet MS, Rajapurkar MM, Gang SD, Gohel KD, Rane G, Parikh P, Patil D, Desai T, Patil P, Kelawala N (2009) Is carbon dioxide a safe and good alternative for diatrizoatemeglumine as a contrast in digital subtraction angiography?Indian J Nephrol 19: 15–9PubMedCrossRef

Holzenbein TJ, Pomposelli FB, Jr., Miller A, Contreras MA, Gibbons GW, Campbell DR, Freeman DV, LoGerfo FW (1996) Results of a policy with arm veins used as the firstalternative to an unavailable ipsilateral greater saphenous vein for infrainguinal bypass. J Vasc Surg 23: 130–40

Hughes K, Domenig CM, Hamdan AD, Schermerhorn M, Aulivola B, Blattman S, Campbell DR, Scovell SD, LoGerfoFW, Pomposelli FB, Jr. (2004) Bypass to plantar and tarsalarteries: an acceptable approach to limb salvage.J Vasc Surg 40: 1149–57PubMedCrossRef

Hughes K, Domenig CM, Hamdan AD, Schermerhorn M, Aulivola B, Blattman S, et al. (2004) Bypass to plantar andtarsal arteries: An acceptable approach to limb salvage.J Vasc Surg 40:1149–1157CrossRef

Johnson WC, Lee KK (2000) A comparative evaluation ofpolytetrafluoroethylene, umbilical vein, and saphenousvein bypass grafts for femoral-popliteal above-knee revascularization:a prospective randomized Department ofVeterans Affairs cooperative study. J Vasc Surg 32: 268–77PubMed

Kalra M, Gloviczki P, Bower TC, Panneton JM, Harmsen WS, Jenkins GD, Stanson AW, Toomey BJ, Canton LG (2001) Limb salvage after successful pedal bypass grafting isassociated with improved long-term survival.J Vasc Surg 33: 6–16PubMedCrossRef

Karacagil S, Lofberg AM, Granbo A, Lorelius LE, Bergqvist D (1996) Value of duplex scanning in evaluation of cruraland foot arteries in limbs with severe lower limb ischaemia- a prospective comparison with angiography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 12: 300–3PubMed

Kirby PL, Brady AR, Thompson SG, Torgerson D, Davies AH (1999) The Vein Graft Surveillance Trial: rationale, designand methods. VGST participants. Eur J Vasc EndovascSurg 18: 469–74

Kreitner KF, Kalden P, Neufang A, Duber C, Krummenauer F, Kustner E, Laub G, Thelen M (2000) Diabetes and peripheralarterial occlusive disease: prospective comparisonof contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiographywith conventional digital subtraction angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174: 171–9

Lang W, Horch RE (2006) [Distal extremity reconstruction forlimb salvage in diabetic foot ulcers with pedal bypass, flap plasty and vacuum therapy]. Zentralbl Chir 131 Suppl1: S146–50PubMed

Lantis J, Jensen M, Benvenisty A, Mendes D, Gendics C, Todd G (2008) Outcomes of combined superficial femoral endovascularrevascularization and popliteal to distal bypassfor patients with tissue loss. Ann Vasc Surg 22: 366–71PubMedCrossRef

Lawson JA, Tangelder MJ, Algra A, Eikelboom BC (1999) Themyth of the in situ graft: superiority in infrainguinalbypass surgery? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 18: 149–57PubMed

Leers SA, Reifsnyder T, Delmonte R, Caron M (1998) Realisticexpectations for pedal bypass grafts in patients withend-stage renal disease. J Vasc Surg 28: 976–80CrossRef

Lu XW, Idu MM, Ubbink DT, Legemate DA (2006) Meta-analysisof the clinical effectiveness of venous arterialization forsalvage of critically ischaemic limbs. Eur J Vasc EndovascSurg 31: 493–9

Lundell A, Nyborg K (1999) Do residual arteriovenous fistulaeafter in situ saphenous vein bypass grafting influencepatency? J Vasc Surg 30: 99–10PubMedCrossRef

Mahmood A, Garnham A, Sintler M, Smith SR, Vohra RK, Simms MH (2002) Composite sequential grafts for femorocruralbypass reconstruction: experience with a modifiedtechnique. J Vasc Surg 36: 772–8PubMedCrossRef

Malikov S, Magnan PE, Casanova D, Lepantalo M, Valerio N, Ayari R, Champsaur P, Branchereau A (2009) Bypass flapreconstruction, a novel technique for distal revascularization:outcome of first 10 clinical cases. Ann Vasc Surg 23:745–52PubMed

McCarthy WJ, 3rd, Matsumura JS, Fine NA, Dumanian GA, Pearce WH (1999) Combined arterial reconstruction andfree tissue transfer for limb salvage. J Vasc Surg 29: 814–8CrossRef

Michaels J (1993) Second European Consensus Document onChronic Critical Limb Ichaemia. Eur J Vasc Surg 7: 22–3

Moll FL, Ho GH (1997) Closed superficial femoral artery endarterectomy:a 2-year follow-up. Cardiovasc Surg 5:398–400PubMedCrossRef

Monux Ducaju G, Serrano Hernando FJ, Sanchez Hervas L (2001) Popliteo-distal and tibio-tibial bypasses: a viablealternative for the revascularisation of the criticallyischaemic limb. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 42: 651–6

Neufang A, Dorweiler B, Espinola-Klein C, Reinstadler J, KrausO, Schmiedt W, Oelert H (2003) [Limb salvage in diabeticfoot syndrome with pedal bypass using the in-situ technique].Zentralbl Chir 128: 715–9PubMed

Neufang A, Espinola-Klein C, Dorweiler B, Pitton M, Savvidis S, Schmiedt W, et al. (2008) Questionable value of adjuvantarteriovenous fistula in pedal bypass at high risk for earlyfailure. Ann Vasc Surg 22:379–387CrossRef

Neufang A, Espinola-Klein C, Dorweiler B, Reinstadler J, PittonM, Savvidis S, Fischer R, Vahl C, Schmiedt W (2005) Sequential femorodistal composite bypass with secondgeneration glutaraldehyde stabilized human umbilicalvein (HUV). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 30: 176–83PubMedCrossRef

Neufang A, Espinola-Klein C, Dorweiler B, Savvidis S, SchmiedtW, Vahl CF (2007) Infrapopliteal composite bypass withautologous vein and second generation glutaraldehydestabilized human umbilical vein (HUV) for critical lowerlimb ischaemia. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 34: 583–9PubMedCrossRef

Neville RF (2003) Diabetic revascularization: improving limbsalvage in the absence of autogenous vein. Semin VascSurg 16: 19–26

Neville RF, Attinger C, Sidawy AN (1997) Prosthetic bypasswith a distal vein patch for limb salvage. Am J Surg 174:173–6PubMedCrossRef

Neville RF, Dy B, Singh N, DeZee KJ (2009) Distal vein patchwith an arteriovenous fistula: a viable option for thepatient without autogenous conduit and severe distalocclusive disease. J Vasc Surg 50: 83–8PubMedCrossRef

Nolan BW, De Martino RR, Stone DH, Schanzer A, Goodney PP, Walsh DW, Cronenwett JL (2011) Prior failed ipsilateralpercutaneous endovascular intervention in patients withcritical limb ischemia predicts poor outcome after lowerextremity bypass. J Vasc Surg 54: 730–5

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, Nehler MR, Harris KA, Fowkes FG, Rutherford RB (2007) Inter-society consensusfor the management of peripheral arterial disease. Int Angiol 26: 81–157PubMed

Olojugba DH, McCarthy MJ, Naylor AR, Bell PR, London NJ (1998) At what peak velocity ratio value should duplexdetectedinfrainguinal vein graft stenoses be revised?Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 15: 258–60

Oppat WF, Pearce WH, McMillan WD, Matsumura JS, McCarthyWJ, Yao JS (1999) Natural history of composite sequentialbypass: ten years' experience. Arch Surg 134: 754–7CrossRef

Padberg FT, Back TL, Thompson PN, Hobson RW, 2nd (1996) Transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) estimates probabilityof healing in the ischemic extremity. J Surg Res 60:365–9PubMedCrossRef

Parsons RE, Suggs WD, Veith FJ, Sanchez LA, Lyon RT, MarinML, Goldsmith J, Faries PL, Wengerter KR, Schwartz ML (1996) Polytetrafluoroethylene bypasses to infrapoplitealarteries without cuffs or patches: a better option thanamputation in patients without autologous vein. J Vasc Surg 23: 347–54

Piazza M, Ricotta JJ, 2nd, Bower TC, Kalra M, Duncan AA, Cha S, Gloviczki P (2011) Iliac artery stenting combined withopen femoral endarterectomy is as effective as opensurgical reconstruction for severe iliac and common femoral occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 54: 402–11

Pomposelli F (2010) Arterial imaging in patients with lowerextremity ischemia and diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 52:81S–91SPubMedCrossRef

Pomposelli FB, Jr., Jepsen SJ, Gibbons GW, Campbell DR, Freeman DV, Miller A, LoGerfo FW (1990) Efficacy of thedorsal pedal bypass for limb salvage in diabetic patients:short-term observations. J Vasc Surg 11: 745–51CrossRef

Pomposelli FB, Jr., Marcaccio EJ, Gibbons GW, Campbell DR, Freeman DV, Burgess AM, Miller A, LoGerfo FW (1995) Dorsalis pedis arterial bypass: durable limb salvage forfoot ischemia in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 21: 375–84

Pulli R, Dorigo W, Castelli P, Dorrucci V, Ferilli F, De Blasis G, Monaca V, Vecchiati E, Pratesi C (2010) Midterm resultsfrom a multicenter registry on the treatment of infrainguinalcritical limb ischemia using a heparin-bondedePTFE graft. J Vasc Surg 51: 1167-1177 e–1

Quigley FG, Faris IB (1991) Transcutaneous oxygen tensionmeasurements in the assessment of limb ischaemia. Clin Physiol 11: 315–20PubMed

Roddy SP, Darling RC, 3rd, Ozsvath KJ, Kreienberg PB, ChangBB, Mathew TS, Paty PS, Mehta M, Shah DM (2002) Compositesequential arterial reconstruction for limb salvage.J Vasc Surg 36: 325–9PubMed

Rowe VL, Hood DB, Lipham J, Terramani T, Torres G, Katz S, Kohl R, Weaver FA (2002) Initial experience with dorsalvenous arch arterialization for limb salvage. Ann VascSurg 16: 187–92

Sasajima T, Kubo Y, Kokubo M, Izumi Y, Inaba M (1993) Comparisonof reversed and in situ saphenous vein grafts forinfragenicular bypass: experience of two surgeons. Cardiovasc Surg 1: 38–43PubMed

Schmiedt W, Neufang A, Dorweiler B, Espinola-Klein C, ReinstadlerJ, Kraus O, Herber S, Gerhards A, Oelert H (2003)[Short distal origin vein graft in diabetic foot syndrome].Zentralbl Chir 128: 720–5PubMed

Shah DM, Darling RC, 3rd, Chang BB, Kaufman JL, FitzgeraldKM, Leather RP (1992) Is long vein bypass from groin toankle a durable procedure? An analysis of a ten-yearexperience. J Vasc Surg 15: 402–7

Staffa R, Kriz Z, Gregor Z, Vlachovsky R, Vojtisek B, Hofirek I (2007) Pedal bypass grafting on arteriographically invisiblefoot arteries detected by duplex ultrasound for limbsalvage. Minerva Chir 62:115–124

Stonebridge PA, Prescott RJ, Ruckley CV (1997) Randomizedtrial comparing infrainguinal polytetrafluoroethylenebypass grafting with and without vein interposition cuffat the distal anastomosis. The Joint Vascular Research Group. J Vasc Surg 26: 543–50

Tannenbaum GA, Pomposelli FB, Jr., Marcaccio EJ, GibbonsGW, Campbell DR, Freeman DV, Miller A, LoGerfo FW (1992) Safety of vein bypass grafting to the dorsal pedalartery in diabetic patients with foot infections. J Vasc Surg 15: 982–8

Taylor RS, Belli AM, Jacob S (1999) Distal venous arterialisationfor salvage of critically ischaemic inoperable limbs. Lancet 354: 1962–5PubMed

Treiman GS, Lawrence PF, Rockwell WB (2000) Autogenousarterial bypass grafts: durable patency and limbsalvage in patients with inframalleolar occlusivedisease and end-stage renal disease. J Vasc Surg 32:13–22PubMedCrossRef

Tukiainen E, Biancari F, Lepantalo M (2000) Lower limb revascularizationand free flap transfer for major ischemictissue loss. World J Surg 24: 1531–6PubMedCrossRef

Uhl C, Hock C, Betz T, Topel I, Steinbauer M (2014) Pedalbypass surgery after crural endovascular Intervention.J Vasc Surg 59:1583–7PubMedCrossRef

van der Plas JP, van Dijk J, Tordoir JH, Jacobs MJ, Kitslaar PJ (1993) Isolated profundaplasty in critical limb ischaemia- still of any use? Eur J Vasc Surg 7: 54–8

Veith FJ, Gupta SK, Samson RH, Flores SW, Janko G, Scher LA (1981) Superficial femoral and popliteal arteries as inflowsites for distal bypasses. Surgery 90: 980–90PubMed

Veith FJ, Gupta SK, Wengerter KR, Goldsmith J, Rivers SP, BakalCW, Dietzek AM, Cynamon J, Sprayregen S, Gliedman ML (1990) Changing arteriosclerotic disease patterns andmanagement strategies in lower-limb-threateningischemia. Ann Surg 212: 402–12CrossRef

Walmsley D, Inglefield CJ, Naylor AR, Murchison LE, Kolhe PS, Cooper GG (1996) Aggressive limb salvage using tibiopedalbypass grafting with free tissue transfer in a diabeticpatient. Diabet Med 13: 281–3PubMedCrossRef

Watelet J, Soury P, Menard JF, Plissonnier D, Peillon C, LestratJP, Testart J (1997) Femoropopliteal bypass: in situ orreversed vein grafts? Ten-year results of a randomizedprospective study. Ann Vasc Surg 11: 510–9PubMedCrossRef

Wengerter K, Dardik H (1999) Biological vascular grafts. SeminVasc Surg 12: 46–51

Wolfle K, Schaal J, Rittler S, Bruijnen H, Loeprecht H (2003)[Infrainguinal bypass grafting in patients with end-stagerenal disease and critical limb ischaemia: is it worthwhile?].Zentralbl Chir 128: 709–14PubMed

Yeung KK, Mills JL, Sr., Hughes JD, Berman SS, Gentile AT, Westerband A (2001) Improved patency of infrainguinalpolytetrafluoroethylene bypass grafts using a distalTaylor vein patch. Am J Surg 182: 578–83PubMedCrossRef

Dyet JF, Nicholson AA, Ettles DFE ( (2000) Vascular imagingand intervention in peripheral arteries in the diabeticpatient. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 16: S16–S22CrossRef

Faglia E, Mantero M, Caminiti M et al. (2002) Extensive use ofperipheral angioplasty, particularly infrapopliteal, in thetreatment of ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: linical esultsof a multicentric study of 221 consecutive diabetic subjects.J Intern Med 252: 225–232CrossRef

Grenacher L, Saam T, Geier A et al. (2004) PTA versus Stent beiStenosen der A. femoralis und A. poplitea: Ergebnisseeiner prospektiv randomisierten Multizenterstudie(REFSA). Fortschr Rontgenstr 176: 1302–1310

Hintner M, Behrmann C (2000) Langzeitergebnise von Angioplastien der Becken- und Beingefase. Fortschr Rontgenstr172: 775–779

Libicher M, Richter GM, Kauffmann GW (1997) Leitlinien furRadiologische Interventionen. Fortschr Rontgenstr 165:L1–L44

Pfeifer KJ, Krotz M, Kessler SB (1999) Die bildgebende Diagnostikdes diabetischen Fussyndroms unter besondererBerucksichtigung der radiologisch-interventionellenTherapiemoglichkeiten. Internist 40: 1042–1050CrossRef

Strunk H, Clouse M, Stokes K, Thelen M (1991) Fruh- undSpatergebnisse der perkutanen transluminalen Angioplastie(PTA) beim Diabetiker. Fortschr Rontgenstr 154:315–320CrossRef

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes onthe development and progression of long-term complicationsin insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Eng JMed 329: 977–986

Amato AA, Barohn RJ (2001) Diabetic lumbosacral polyradiculoneuropathies. Curr Trat Options Neurol 3:139–146

Bierhaus A, Humpert PM, Rudofsky G et al. (2003) New treatmentsfor diabetic neuropathy:pathogenetically orientedtreatment. Curr Diab Rep 3: 452–458CrossRef

Birklein F (2002) Neuropathische Schmerzen - Mechanismenund Therapie. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 70: 88–94PubMedCrossRef

Boulton AJ, Gries FA, Jervell JA (1998) Guidelines for thediagnosis and outpatient management of diabeticperipheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 15: 508–514CrossRef

Braune C, Erbguth F, Birklein F (2001) Dose thresholds andduration of the local anhidrotic effect of botulinum toxininjections:measured by sudometry. Br J Dermatol 144:111–117CrossRef

Dutsch M, Hilz MJ, Neundorfer B (2001) Diabetic autonomicneuropath.. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 69: 423–438CrossRef

Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC et al. (2003) Advances in neuropathic pain: diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations. Arch Neurol 60:1524–1534CrossRef

Kingery WS (1997) A critical review of controlled clinical trialsfor peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regionalpain syndromes. Pain 73: 123–139CrossRef

Malik RA, Williamson S, Abbott C et al. (1998) Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril onhuman diabetic neuropathy: randomised double-blindcontrolled trial. Lancet 352: 1978–1981

Orstavik K, Weidner C, Schmidt R et al. (2003) PathologicalC-fibres in patients with a chronic painful condition. Brain 126: 567–578CrossRef

Pan HL, Eisenach JC, Chen SR (1999) Gabapentin suppressesectopic nerve discharges and reverses allodynia in neuropathicrats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288: 1026–1030

Rowbotham MC, Goli V, Kunz NR, Lei D (2004) Venlafaxineextended release in the treatment of painful diabeticneuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain 110: 697–706PubMedCrossRef

Sindrup SH, Jensen TS (1999) Efficacy of pharmacologicaltreatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effectrelated to mechanism of drug action. Pain 83: 389–400PubMed

Solders G, Tyden G, Persson A, Groth CG (1992) Improvementof nerve conduction in diabetic neuropathy. A follow-upstudy 4 yr after combined pancreatic and renal transplantation. Diabetes 41: 946–951CrossRef

Spitzer A, Lang E, Birklein F, Claus D, Neundorfer B (1997) Cardiac autonomic involvement and peripheral nervefunction in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Funct Neurol 12: 115–122

Watson CP, Moulin D, Watt-Watson J, Gordon A, Eisenhoffer J (2003) Controlled-release oxycodone relieves neuropathicpain: a randomized controlled trial in painfuldiabetic neuropathy. Pain 105: 71–78CrossRef

Wu G, Ringkamp M, Hartke TV et al. (2001) Early onset ofspontaneous activity in uninjured C-fiber nociceptorsafter injury to neighboring nerve fibers. J Neurosci 21:RC140

Ziegler D (2001) Diagnosis and treatment of diabetic autonomicneuropathy. Curr Diab Rep 1: 216–227CrossRef

Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ et al. (1999) Treatment ofsymptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidantalpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomizedcontrolled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN IIIStudyGroup. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. DiabetesCare 22: 1296–1301

Nationale VersorgungsLeitlinie (NVL) (2011) Neuropathie beiDiabetes im Erwachsenenalter<http://www.versorgungsleitlinien>.de/themen/diabetes2/dm2_neuro/pdf/nvl-t2dneuro-lang.pdf

Akiyama H, Huh WK, Yamasaki O, Oono T, Iwatsuki K (2002) Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation ofglycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus inmouse skin: Does S. aureus generally produce a biofilmon damaged skin? Br J Dermatol 147: 879–885CrossRef

Akova M, Ozcebe O, Gullu I, Unai S, Gur D, Akalin S (1996) Efficacy of sulbactam-ampicillin for the treatment ofsevere diabetic foot infections. J Chemotherapy 8:284–289CrossRef

Armstrong DG, Liswood PJ, Todd WF (1995) Prevalence ofmixed infections in the diabetic pedal wound: A retrospectivereviw of 112 infections. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc85: 533–537

Bamberg R, Sullivan PK, Conner-Kerr TA (2002) Diagnosis ofwound infections: current culturing practices of USwound care professionals. Wounds 14(9):314–327

Bergamini TM, Corpus RA, Hoeg KL et al. (1994) Immuneregulation of bacterial biofilm graft infection. ASAIO J 40:219–226CrossRef

Breidenbach WC, Trager S (1995) Quantitative culture techniqueand infection in complex wounds of the extremitiesclosed with free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 95: 860–865CrossRef

Browne VC, Vearncombe M, Sibbald RG (2001) High bacterialload in asymptomatic diabetic patients with neurotrophiculcers retards wound healing after application ofDermagraft. Ostomy Wound Manage 47: 44–49.

Caballero E, Frykberg RG (1998) Diabetic foot infections.J Foot Ankle Surg 37: 248–255CrossRef

Corey GR, Wilcox M, Talbot GH, Friedland HD, Baculik T, Witherell GW, Critchley I, Das AF, Thye D (2010) Integratedanalysis of CANVAS 1 and 2: phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies to evaluate the safety andefficacy of ceftaroline versus vancomycin plus aztreonamin complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis 51: 641–50PubMedCrossRef

Dasgupta MK (1996) Biofilm causes decreased production ofinterferon-gamma. J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 877–882

Diamantopoulos E, Haritos D, Yfandi D et al. (1998) Managementand outcome of severe diabetic foot infections. Endocrinol Diabetes 106: 346–352

Duckworth C, Fisher JF, Carter SA (1993) Tissue penetration ofclindamycin in diabetic foot infections. J AntimicrobChemotherap 31: 581–583

Eron L, Gentry L (1990) Oral ofloxacin for infections caused bybacteria resistant to oral antimicrobial agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 15: 435–439

Gadepalli R, Dhawan B, Sreenivas V, Kapil A, Ammini AC, Chaudhry R (2006) A clinico-microbiological study ofdiabetec foot ulcers in an indian tertiary care hospital. Diabetes Care 29: 1727–173CrossRef

Galanakis N, Giamarellou H, Moussas T, Dounis E (1997) Chronic osteomyelitis caused by multi-resistant gramnegativebacteria. Evaluation of treatment with newerquinolones after prolonged follow-up. J Antimicrob Chemother 39: 241–246

Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Troia C, et al. (2001) A tool to assessclinical signs and symptoms of localized infection inchronic wounds: development and reliability. OstomyWound Manage 47(1): 40–47

Gardner S, Frantz R, Saltzman C, HillisS, Park H, Scherubel M (2006) Diagnostic validityof three swab techniquesforidentifying chronic wound infections. Wound Rep Reg 14:548–557CrossRef

Garden S, Hill S, Heilmann K, Segre J, Grice E (2013) The Neuropathicfoot ulcer microbiome is associated with clinicalfactors. Diabetes 62: 923–930

Gee T, Ellis R, Marshall G (2001) Phamacokinetics and tissuepenetration of linezolid following multiple oal doses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 45: 1843–1846PubMedCentralCrossRef

Gentry L, Rodriguez-Gomez G (1991) Ofloxacin versus parenteraltherapy for chronic osteomyelitis. AntimicrobAgents Chemother 35: 538–541

Gerding DN (1995) Foot infections in diabetic patients: therole of anaerobes. Clin Inf Dis 20: S283–S288CrossRef

Grayston ML, Gibbons GW, Habershaw GM (1994) Use ofmpicillin/sulbactam versus imipenem/cilastin in thetreatment of limb-threatening foot infections in diabeticpatients. Clin Infect Dis 18: 683–693

Greene C, Vaudaux PE, Francois P et al. (1996) A low-fibronectin-binding mutant of Staphylococcus auresu 879R4 Shas Tn918 inserted into its single fnb gene. Microbiology142: 2153–2160

Grosse EJ, Babinchank T, Dartois N, Rose G, Loh E (2005) Tigecycline 300 and 305 cSSSI Study Group. The efficacyand safety of tigecycline in the treatment of skin andskin-structure infections: results of 2 double-blind phase comparison studies with vancomycin-aztreonam.Clin Inf Dis 41: S341–S353

Hentzer M, Riedel K, Rasmussen TB et al. (2002) Inhibition ofquorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilmbacteria by halogenated furanone compound. Microbiol148: 87–102

Joukhadar C, Strass H, Muller-Zellenberg U, Lackner E, Kovar F, Minar E, Muller M (2003) Penetration of Moxifloxacin intohealthy and inflamed subcutaneous adipose tissue inhumans. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherap 47: 3099–3103

Kanellakopoulou K, Giamarellou H (1990) Clinical experiencewith parenteral and oral ofloxacin in severe infections. Scand J Infect Dis 68: 64–69

Kuck EM, Bouter KP, Hoekstra JBL (1998) Tissue concentrationsafter a single-dose, orally administered ofloxacin inpatients with diabetic foot infections. Foot Ankle Int 19:38–40PubMedCrossRef

Reddy M, Gill S, Wu W, Kalkar S, Rochon P (2012) Does thispatient have an infection an infection oft a chronicwound ? JAMA 307, 605–611

Pathare NA, Bal A, Talvalkar GV, Antani DU (1998) Diabetic footinfections: a study of microorganisms associated with thedifferent Wagner Grades. Indian J Pathol Microbiol41:437–441

Martinez PJ, Mathews C, Actor JK, Hwang S, Brown E, De SantiagoH, Fisher Hoch S, Mccormick J, Mirza S (2014) ImpairedCD4+ and TH17 memory response to Streptococcuspneumoniae is associated with elevated glucose and percent glycated hemoglobin A1c in Mexican Americanswith type 2 diabetes mellitus. Transl Research 163: 53–63

Morykwas MJ, Argenta LC (1997) Nonsurgical modalities toenhance healing and care of soft tissue wounds. J SouthOrthop Assoc 6: 279–288

Restrepo B, Schlesinger L (2013) Host-pathogen interaction intuberculosis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis 93: S–1CrossRef

Pellizzer G, Strazzabosco M, Presi S (2001) Deep tissue biopsyvs. superficial swab culkture monitoring in the microbiologicalassessment of limb-threatening diabetic footinfection. Diab Med 18: 822–827CrossRef

Lipsky B, Baker P, Landon G, Fernau R (1997) Antibiotic therapyfor diabetic foot infections.comparison of two parenteral-to-oral regimens. Clin Infect Dis 24: 643–648CrossRef

Lipsky BA, Pecoraro RE, Larson SA, Ahroni JH (1990) Outpatientmanagement of uncomplicated lower-extremitiyinfections in diabetic patients. Arch Int Med 150: 790–797CrossRef

Lipsky BA, Itani K, Norden C (2004) Linezolid diabetic footinfections study group. Treating foot infections in diabeticpatients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trialof linezolid versus ampicillin/amoxicillin-clavulanate.Clin Inf Dis 38:17–24

Lipsky BA, Stoutenburgh U (2005) Daptomycin for treatinginfected diabetic foot ulcers: evidence from a randomized, controlled trial comparing daptomycin with vancomycinor semi-synthetic penicillins for complicated skinand skin-structure infections. J Antimicrob Chemotherap55: 240–5

Lovering AM, Zhang J, Bannister GC et al. (2002) Penetrationof linezolid into bone, fat, muscle and hematoma ofpatients undergoing routine hip replacement. J AntimicrobChemother 50: 73–77

Nakamoto DA, Rosenfield ML, Haaga JR (1994) In vivo treatmentof infected prosthetic graft material with urokinase. An animal model. J Vasc Interv Radiol 5: 549–552CrossRef

Nemotot K, Hirota K, Ono T et al. (2000) Effect of varidase(streptokinase) on biofilm formed by Staphylococcusaureus. Chemotherapy 46: 111–115

Patti JM, Boles JO, Hook M (1993) Identificartion and biochemicalcharacetrization of the ligand binding domainof collagen adhesin of Staphylococcus aureus. Biochemistry32: 11428–11435

Peterson L, Lissack L, Canter K et al. (1989) Therapy of lowerextremity infections with ciprofloxacin in patients withdiabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease or both. Am J Med 86: 801–808CrossRef

Prompers L, Schaper N, Apelqvist J, Edmonds M, Jude E, MauricioD, Uccioli L, Urbancic V, Bakker K, Holstein P, JirkovskaA, Piaggesi A, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Reike H, Spraul M, Van Acker K, Van Baal J, Van Merode F, Ferreira I, HuijbertsM (2008) Prediction of outcome in individuals with diabeticfoot ulcers: focus on the differences between individuals with and without peripheral arterial disease. TheEURODIALE Study. Diabetologia 51(5):747–55

Rana B, Butcher I, Grigoris P et al. (2002) Linezolid penetrationinto osteo-articulr tissues. J Animicrob Chemother 50:747–750

Ren D, Sims JJ, Wood TK (2001) Inhibition of biofilm formationand swarming of Escherichia coli by (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-bythyl-2(5H) furanone. EnvironMicrobiol 3: 731–736

Roggenkamp A, Sing A, Hornef M et al. (1998) Chronic prosthetichip infection caused by a small-colony variant ofEscherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 36: 2530–2534PubMedCentral

Seabrook GR, Edmiston CE, Schmitt DD (1991) Comparison ofserum and tissue antibiotic levels in diabetic-related footinfections. Surgery 110: 671–677

Shaper NC, Dryden M, Kujath P, Nathwani D, Arvis P, ReimnitzP, Alder A, Gyssens IC (2013) Eifficacy and safety of iv./po.Moxifloxacin and iv.piperacillin/tazobactam followedfollowedpo. Amoxicillin clavulic acid in the treatment ofdiabetic foot infections: resultts oft he RELIEF study. Infection 41, 175–186

Sotto A, Lina G, Richard JL, Combescure C, Bourg G, Vidal L, Jourdan N, Etienne J, Lavigne JP (2008) Virulence potentialof Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated fromdiabetic foot ulcers, Diabetes Care 31, 2318–2324PubMedCentralCrossRef

Steinberg D, Poran S, Shapira L (1999) The effect of extracellularpolysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans on thebactericidal activity of human neutrophils. Arch Oral Biol44: 437–444

Tan JS, Wishnow RM, Talan D for the Piperacillin/TazobactamSkin and Skin Structure Study Group (1993) Treatment ofhospitalized patients with complicated skin and skinstructure infections. Double-blind, randomized multicentre study of piperacillin-tazobactam vs ticarcillinclavulanate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37:1580–1586

Tennvall GR, Apelqvist J, Eneroth M (2000) Cost of deep infectionsin patients with diabetes mellitus. Pharmacoeconomics18: 225–238

Traunmuller F, Schintler M, Metzler J, Spendel S, Mauric O, Popovic M, KonzKH, Scharnagl E, Joukhadar C (2010) Softtissue and bone penetration abilities of daptomycin indiabetic patients with bacterial foot infections, J AntimicrobChemother 1252–1257

Von Eiff C, Heilmann, Proctor RA et al. (1997) A site-directedStaphylococcus aureus hemB mutant is a small-colonyvariant which persists intracellularly. J Bacteriol 179:4706–4712PubMedCentralCrossRef

Von Eiff C, Proctor RA, Peters G (2000) Staphylococcus aureussmall colony variants. Formation and clinical impact. Int J Clin Pract Suppl 115: 44–49

Yasuda H, Ajiki Y, Aoyama J, Yokota T (1994) Interaction betweenhuman polymorphonuclear leucocytes and bacteriareleased from in-vitro bacterial biofilm models. J MedMicrobiol 41: 359–367

Armstrong DG, Stacpoole-Shea S, Nguyen BH, Harkless L (1999) Lengthening of the achilles tendon in diabeticpatients who are at high risk for ulceration of the foot.J Bone Joint Surg 81-B: 535–538

Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Abu-Rumman P (2002) Outcomes ofsubatmospheric pressure dressing therapy on wounds ofthe diabetic foot. Ostomy Wound Manage 48: 64–68

Armstrong DG, Boulton AJM, Banwell P (2004) Topical negativepressure: management of complex diabetic footwound. The Oxford Wound Healing Society

Bauer R, Kerschbaumer F, Poisel F (1996) OrthopadischeOperationsle hre. Becken und untere Extremitat Teil 2,Georg Thieme, Stuttgart New York

Baumgartner R (1973) K nee disarticulation vs. above-kneeamputation. Prosthet Orthot Int 3:15–19

Baumgartner R (1983) Failures in through-knee amputation. Prosth Orthot Int 7:116–118

Baumgartner R (1989) Die Exartikulatio n der Gliedmase in

Hohe des Kniegelenks. Operat Orthop Traumatol 1:228–236

Baumgartner R (1989) Knieexartikulation: Technik fur dieAmputation bei durchblutungsgestort en Gliedmasen.Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl II Verh Dtsch Ges Chir:637–643

Baumgartner R (2001) Forefoot and hindfoot amputations. In:Surgical techniques in orthopedics and traumatology.Elsevier, Paris, 55-700-C–10

Baumgartner R (2009) Amputation als Komplikation - Komplikationenbei Amputationen. Med Orth Tech 129(2):7–28

Baumgartner R (2009) Komplikationen am Amputationsstumpf- Komplikationen bei Amputationen.Med Orth Tech 129(2):7–18

Baumgartner R (2010) Amputationschirurgie - Ruckblick undAusblick. Med Orth Tech 130(1):13–25

Baumgartner R (2010) Komplikationen bei der Amputation.In: Wirth, Mutschler et al. (Hrsg.): Komplikationen in derOrthopadie und Unfallchirurgie. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 403–416

Baumgartner R, Botta P (1989) Am putation und Prothesenversorgungder unteren Extremitat. Enke, Ludwigsburg

Baumgartner R, Botta P (2008) Amputation und Prothesenversorgung,3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 360–389

Baumgartner R, Botta P (2008) Amputation und Prothesenversorgung,3. Aufl. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 339–359

Baumgartner R, Greitemann B (1994) Die Resektion vonMittelfusknochen als Alternative zur Vorfusamputation.Operat Orthop Traumat 6:119–131

Baumgartner R, Stinus H (2001) Die orthopadietechnischeVersorgung des Fuses. Thieme, StuttgartBaumgartner R, Wetz HH (1991) Amputationen am Vorfus.Operat Orthop Traumat 3:203–212

Beaman DN, Fortin PT, Guyton GP, Holmes JR, Saltzman CL (2002) The diabetic foot. Instructiona l Course LecturesAmerican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, San Francisco

Bellmann D (2008) Vorfusprothese nach Bellmann. In:Baumgartner R, Botta P (Hrsg) Amputation und Prothesenversorgung.Thieme, Stuttgart, S 293–297

Bowker J et al. (2000) North American Experience with kneedisarticulation with us e of a posterior myofasciocutaneousflap. J Bone Joint Surg 82 A:1571–1574

Bowker JH (2004) Amputations and disarticulations within thefoot: surgical management. In: Smith DG, Michael JW, Bowker J (Hrsg) Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, S 429–448

Bowker JH (2004) Transtibial amputation: surgical management.In: Smith DG, Michael JW, Bowker J (Hrsg) Atlas ofamputations and limb deficiencies. American Academyof Orthopaedic Surgeons, S 481–501

Bruckner L (1992) Die standardisierte Unterschenkelamputationnach Bruckner bei chronisch arterieller Versch lusskrankheitim Stadium IV nach Fontaine. Operat OrthopTraumatol 4:63–72

Bruckner L (2009) Komplikationen am Amputationsstumpf- der Weichteiluberschus. Med Orth Tech129(2):29–40

Burgess E et al. (1969) The management of lower extremityamputations. US Government Printing Office TR, Washington/DC, S 10–16

Burgess E et al. (1971) Amputations of the leg for peripheralvascular insufficiency. J Bone Joint Surg 63(A):874–890

Eckardt A, Kraus O, Kustner E (2003) Die interdisziplinareTherapie des diabetischen Fussyndroms. Orthopade 23:190–198

Eckardt A, Schollner C, Decking J (2004) The impact of Symeamputation in surgical treatment of patients with diabeticfoot syndrom e and Charcot-neuro-osteoarthropathy.Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124: 145–150CrossRef

Eckhardt R (2008) Transkutane Sauerstoffpartialdruck(tcpO2)-Messung. In: Baumgartner R, Bot ta P (Hrsg)Amputation und Prothesenversorgung. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 84–87

Eckhardt R (2010) Amputationen an der unteren Extremitat -Aufbau eines Versorgungs-Managements an einemGrosklinikum. Med Orth Tech 1:37–48

Eckhardt R (2010) Amputationen an der unteren Extremitat.Med Orth Tech 130(1):37–48

Edmonds ME, Foster AVM, Sande rs LJ (2004) A practicalmanual of diabetic footcare. Blackwell Publishing

Gottschalk F (2004) Transfemoral Amputation. In: Smith DG, Michael JW, Bowker J (eds) Atlas of amputations and limbdeficiencies. American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgeons, S 533–540

Guedes-Pinto MA et al. (2006) F ibulare Knochenbrucke furUnterschenkelstumpfe. Med Orth Tech 126(2) 45–50

Hagberg K, Branemark R (2009) One hundred patiens treatedwith osseointegrated transfemoral amputation prostheses- rehabilitation perspective. J Rehabil Res Dev46(3):331–344

Horch RE (2004) Grundlagen und Ergebnisse der Vakuumtherapie(VAC) in der rekonstruktiven Chirurgie. ZentralblChir 129: 52–55

Icks A, Haastert B, Trauner C et al. (2009) Incidence of lowerlimbamputations in the diabetic compared to the nondiabetic population. Nationwide insurance data, Germany,2005-2007. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117(9):500–504CrossRef

Jensen JS (1983) Life expectancy and social consequences ofthrough-knee amputations. Prosthet Orthot Int 7:113–115

Kessler SB, Bothlar A, Kalteis TA (1999) Indikationsstellung undVorgehen bei der chir urgischen Behandlung des diabetischenFussyndroms. Internist 40: 1024–1028

Klaes W, Eigler EW (1 985) Eine neue Technik der transgenikularenAmputation. Chirurg 56:735–742

Koller A, Fiedler R (2010) Operative Versorgungsmoglichkeitendes diabetischen Fus-Syndroms mit komplexerProblematik. Med Orth Tech 1:49–56

Koller A, Hafkemeyer U, Fiedler R, Wetz HH (2004) RekonstruktiveFuschirurgie bei diabetisch-neuropathischer Osteoarthropathie.Orthopade 33: 983–991

Koller A, Wetz HH (2003) Die offene Keilresektion in der Techniknach Brunner. Ein extremitatener haltender Eingriffbei Fusphlegmone des Diabetikers. Orthopade 32:225–230

Malgaigne JF (1875) Medecine operatoire. Librairie GermerBailliere, Paris, pp 481–484

Morbach S, Muller E, Reike H, Risse A, Spraul M (2004) Diagnostik, Therapie, Verlaufskontrolle und Pravention desdiabetischen Fussyndroms. Deutsche Diabetesgesellschaft: Teil 1. Evidenzbasierte Leitlinien Diabetes undStoffwechsel 13: 9–30

Muller A (2008) Versorgungsmanagement Beinamputierter.AOK Siegen. Symposium Baumrain-Klinik, Bad Berleburg

Neufang A, Kraus O, Dorweiler B (2002) Pedale Bypasschirurgiebeim diabetischen Fussyndrom: Indikation, Technikund Ergebnisse. Med Klinik 97: 256–262CrossRef

Othman T, Friese G, Gierth T, Ziegler G, Scherbaum W (2004) Die Anwendung der Vakuumpumpenthera pie (VACSystem)beim diabetischen Fussandrom. Zentralbl Chir129: 116–118

Pautsch S (1998) Klinische Ergebnisse nach der Unterschenkelamputationnach Robb/Persson. Medizinische Dissertation, Universitat Leipzig

Reike H (1999) Diabetisches Fus-Syndrom.Diagnostik undTherapie der Grunderkrankungen und Komplikationen.De Gruyter. Berlin New York

Richardson EG, Donley BG (1998) Disorders of Hallux.In: Canale E (ed) Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, Volume II: The Foot in Adolescents and Adults. Mosby

Robinson KP, Branemark R, Ward DA (2004) Osseointegrationin transfemoral amputees. In: Smith DG, Michael JW, Bowker J (Hrsg) Atlas of amputations and limb deficiencies. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, S 673–681

Sauerbruch F (1922) Die Exstirpation d es Femur mit Umkipp-Plastik des Unterschenkels. Dtsch Z Chirurgie 169:1–22

Schafer M (2008) Silikone in der Technischen Orthopadie.Med Orth Tech 1:7–16

Thermann H (2004) Neue Techniken Fuschirurgie. Steinkopff, Darmstadt

Veves A, Giurini JM, LoGerfo FW (2002) The diabetic foot- medical and surgical management. Humana Totowa, New Jersey

Wendt KW, Zimmermann KW (1994) Verkurzungsosteotomiedes Femurs nach Knieexartikulation. Unfallchirurg97:652–654

Wetz HH, Gisbertz D, Fiedler R (1998) Amputation und Prothetik.Teil 2: Amputationen am Fus und ihre orthopadietechnischeVersorgung. Orthopade 27: 779–792

Wild T (2003) Konsensus der Deutschen und der OsterreichischenGesellschaft fur Wundheilung und Wundbehandlung.MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin 145: 97–101

Winkelmann W (1993) Die Umdrehplastiken. Orthopade22:152–159

Wuhr J et al. (2010) Schaftsysteme im Vergleich. Orthop Tech61(7):506–511

Wukich DK, Lowery NJ, Mc Millen RL, Frykberg RG (2010) Postoperative infection rates in foot and ankle surgery:a comparison of patients with and without diabetesmellitus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 92:287–295CrossRef

Ayyappan T, Chadha A (2002) Super sural neurofasciocutaneousflaps in acute traumatic heel reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg 109: 2307–2313CrossRef

Benito-Ruiz J, Yoon T, Guisantes-Pintos E, Monner J, Serra-Renom JM (2004) Reconstruction of soft-tissue defects ofthe heel with local fasciocutaneous flaps. Ann Plast Surg52: 380–384

Bostwick J (1976) Reconstruction of the heel pad by muscletransposition and split skin graft. Surg Gynecol Obstet143: 973–974

Curtin JW (1977) Functional surgery for intractable conditionsof the sole of the foot. Plast Reconstr Surg 59: 806–911CrossRef

Emmett AJ (1976) The filleted toe flap. Br J Plast Surg 29: 19–21PubMedCrossRef

Eren S, Ghofrani A, Reifenrath M (2001) The distally pedicledperoneus brevis muscle flap: a new flap for the lower leg. Plast Reconstr Surg 107: 1443–1448CrossRef

Freeman BS (1968) Plantar flaps used for sole, heel lesions. Tex Med 64: 64–67

Ger R (1971) The technique of muscle transposition in theoperative treatment of traumatic and ulcerative lesionsof the leg. J Trauma 11: 502–510CrossRef

Ger R (1975) The surgical management of ulcers of the heel. Surg Gynecol Obstet 140: 909–911

Grabb WC, Argenta LC (1981) The lateral calcaneal artery skinflap (the lateral calcaneal artery, lesser saphenous vein, and sural nerve skin flap). Plast Reconstr Surg 68: 723–730

Harrison DH, Morgan BD (1981) The instep island flap to resurfaceplantar defects. Br J Plast Surg 34: 315–318CrossRef

Hartrampf CR, Scheflan M, Bostwick J (1980) The flexor digitorumbrevis muscle island pedicle flap: a new dimension inheel reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg 66: 264–270CrossRef

Kopp J, Bach AD, Kneser U et al. (2004a) Indication and clinicalresults of buried skin grafting to treat problematicwounds. Zentralbl Chir 129 (Suppl 1): 129–132

Kopp J, Kneser U, Bach AD, Horch RE (2004b) Buried chip skingrafting in neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers followingvacuum assisted wound bed preparation - enhancing aclassic surgical tool with novel technologies. Lower Extremity Wounds 3: 168–171CrossRef

Kuntscher MV, Erdmann D, Homann HH et al. (2001) Theconcept of fillet flaps: classification, indications, andanalysis of their clinical value. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:885–896

Musharrafieh R, Saghieh S, Macari G, Atiyeh B (2003) Diabeticfoot salvage with microsurgical free-tissue transfer. Microsurgery 23: 257–261CrossRef

Reiffel RS, McCarthy JG (1980) Coverage of heel and soledefects: a new subfascial arterialized flap. Plast ReconstrSurg 66: 250–260

Shanahan RE, Gingrass RP (1979) Medial plantar sensory flapfor coverage of heel defects. Plast Reconstr Surg 64:295–298CrossRef

Skef Z, Ecker HA, Graham WP (1983) Heel coverage by a plantarmyocutaneous island pedicle flap. J Trauma 23:466–472CrossRef

Snyder GB, Edgerton MT (1965) The principle of the islandneurovascular flap in the management of ulceratedanesthetic weightbearing areas of the lower extremity. Plast Reconstr Surg 36: 518–528CrossRef

Strauch B, Vaconez LO, Hall-Findlay EJ (1990) Encyclopedia offlaps. Little Brown, Boston Toronto London, pp 1627–1675

Vasconez LO, Bostwick J, McCraw J (1974) Coverage of exposedbone by muscle transposition and skin grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 53: 526–530CrossRef

Walgenbach KJ, Horch RE, Voigt M et al. (1999) Free microsurgicalflap-plasty in reconstructive therapy of diabetic footulcer. Zentralbl Chir 124 (Suppl 1):40–44

Walgenbach KJ, Voigt M, Andree C, Stark GB, Horch RE (2001) Management of hypovascularized wounds not respondingto conventional therapy by means of free muscletransplantation. Vasa 30: 206–211CrossRef

Yoshimura Y, Nakajima T, Kami T (1985) Distally based abductordigiti minimi muscle flap. Ann Plast Surg 14: 375–377CrossRef

Titel: Therapie
verfasst von: Prof. Dr. med. R. Lobmann
Prof. Dr. med. A. Eckardt
Dr. med. H.-D. Hoppe
PD Dr. med. A. Neufang
Dr. med. S. Schadmand-Fischer
Prof. Dr. med. F. Birklein
Priv.-Doz. Dr. med. A. Ambrosch
Dr. med. J. Kopp
Prof. Dr. med. R.E. Horch
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Der diabetische Fuß
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-38424-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-642-38425-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38425-7_4

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

29.05.2024 Periprothetische Infektionen Nachrichten

Zur Zementierung einer Knie-TEP wird in Deutschland zu über 98% Knochenzement verwendet, der mit einem Antibiotikum beladen ist. Ob er wirklich besser ist als Zement ohne Antibiotikum, kann laut Registerdaten bezweifelt werden.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

4. Therapie

Zusammenfassung

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Zusammenfassung

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie