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Journal of NeuroVirology

Erschienen in:

08.01.2024 | Mini-Review

Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis

verfasst von: Annu Rani, Süleyman Ergün, Srikanth Karnati, Hem Chandra Jha

Erschienen in: Journal of NeuroVirology | Ausgabe 1/2024

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Abstract

Neurotropic viruses can infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms including paracellular, transcellular, and “Trojan horse” mechanisms during leukocyte diapedesis. These viruses belong to several families, including retroviruses; human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), flaviviruses; Japanese encephalitis (JEV); and herpesviruses; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1). For entering the brain, viral proteins act upon the tight junctions (TJs) between the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). For instance, HIV-1 proteins, such as glycoprotein 120, Nef, Vpr, and Tat, disrupt the BBB and generate a neurotoxic effect. Recombinant-Tat triggers amendments in the BBB by decreasing expression of the TJ proteins such as claudin-1, claudin-5, and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Thus, the breaching of BBB has been reported in myriad of neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurotropic viruses also exhibit molecular mimicry with several myelin sheath proteins, i.e., antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) aa411–426 cross-react with MBP and EBNA1 aa385–420 was found to be associated with MS risk haplotype HLA-DRB1*150. Notably, myelin protein epitopes (PLP_139-151, MOG_35-55, and MBP_87-99) are being used to generate model systems for MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to understand the disease mechanism and therapeutics. Viruses like Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are also commonly used to generate EAE. Altogether, this review provide insights into the viruses’ association with BBB leakiness and MS along with possible mechanistic details which could potentially use for therapeutics.

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Titel: Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis
verfasst von: Annu Rani
Süleyman Ergün
Srikanth Karnati
Hem Chandra Jha
Publikationsdatum: 08.01.2024
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Journal of NeuroVirology / Ausgabe 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1355-0284
Elektronische ISSN: 1538-2443
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-023-01190-8

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